{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:48:18Z","timestamp":1776494898980,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Recent evidence suggests that racial\/ethnic differences in circulating levels of free or bioavailable 25\u2010hydroxy vitamin D (25[\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ]D) rather than total 25(\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\n              )D may explain apparent racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ). We prospectively examined black\u2010white differences in the associations of total, free, and bioavailable 25(\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\n              )D, vitamin D\u2013binding protein, and parathyroid hormone levels at baseline with incident\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              (including nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              death) in postmenopausal women.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We conducted a case\u2010cohort study among 79\u00a0705 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 79\u00a0years, who were free of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              at baseline in the WHI\u2010OS (Women's Health Initiative Observational Study). A subcohort of 1300 black and 1500 white participants were randomly chosen as controls; a total of 550 black and 1500 white women who developed incident\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              during a mean follow\u2010up of 11\u00a0years were chosen as cases. We directly measured total 25(\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\n              )D, vitamin D\u2013binding protein, albumin, parathyroid hormone, and calculated free and bioavailable 25(\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\n              )D. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine their associations with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              risk. Although vitamin D\u2013binding protein and total, free, and bioavailable 25(\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\n              )D were not significantly associated with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              risk in black or white women, a significant positive association between parathyroid hormone and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              risk persisted in white women (hazard ratio comparing the highest quartile with the lowest, 1.37; 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , 1.06\u20131.77) but not in black women (hazard ratio comparing the highest quartile with the lowest, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.79\u20131.58), independent of total, free, and bioavailable 25(\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\n              )D or vitamin D\u2013binding protein.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Circulating levels of vitamin D biomarkers are not related to\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              risk in either white or black women. Higher parathyroid hormone levels may be an independent risk factor for\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in white women.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.011021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T10:01:22Z","timestamp":1550224882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Racial\/Ethnic Differences in 25\u2010Hydroxy Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among\u00a0Postmenopausal Women"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health Indianapolis IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanzhu","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T. H. 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