{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T10:38:48Z","timestamp":1789295928219,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Obesity is a precursor to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Biomarkers that identify preclinical metabolic heart disease (\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in young obese patients would help identify high\u2010risk individuals for heart failure prevention strategies. We assessed the predictive value of GAL3 (galectin\u20133), FSTL3 (follistatin\u2010like 3 peptide), and NT\u2010proBNP (N\u2010terminal pro\u2010B\u2010type natriuretic peptide) to identify stage B\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in young obese participants free of clinically evident cardiovascular disease.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Asymptomatic obese patients (n=250) and non\u2010obese controls (n=21) underwent echocardiographic cardiac phenotyping. Obese patients were classified as\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n positive (\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n POS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ; n=94) if they had abnormal diastolic function or left ventricular hypertrophy and had estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure \u226535\u00a0mm\u00a0Hg. Obese patients without such abnormalities were classified as MHD negative (MHD\u2010NEG; n=52). Serum biomarkers timed with echocardiography.\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n POS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and MHD\u2010NEG individuals were similarly obese, but\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n POS<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients were older, with more diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Right ventricular coupling was worse in\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n POS<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001).\n GAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 levels were higher in\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n POS<\/jats:styled-content>\n versus\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010NEG patients (7.7\u00b12.3 versus 6.3\u00b11.9\u00a0ng\/mL, respectively;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001). Both\n GAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 and\n FSTL<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 levels correlated with diastolic dysfunction and increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure but not with left ventricular mass. In multivariate models including all 3 biomarkers, only\n GAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 remained associated with\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (odds ratio: 1.30; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 1.01\u20131.68;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.04).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n In young obese individuals without known cardiovascular disease,\n GAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 is associated with the presence of preclinical\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n GAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 may be useful in screening for preclinical\n MHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and identifying individuals with increased risk of progression to obesity\u2010related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.011100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T09:01:11Z","timestamp":1553936471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Galectin\u20103 Is Associated With Stage B Metabolic Heart Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension in Young Obese Patients"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Deepa M.","family":"Gopal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine Section Department of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Ayalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine Section Department of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston 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