{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:40:46Z","timestamp":1784605246321,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Circulating microparticles have emerged as biomarkers and effectors of vascular disease. Elevated rates of cardiovascular disease are seen in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive individuals. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) if circulating microparticles are elevated in antiretroviral therapy\u2013treated\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive adults; and (2) the effects of microparticles isolated from\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">antiretroviral therapy<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u2013treated\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive adults on endothelial cell function, in\u00a0vitro.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Circulating levels of endothelial\u2010, platelet\u2010, monocyte\u2010, and leukocyte\u2010derived microparticles were determined by flow cytometry in plasma from 15 healthy and 15 antiretroviral therapy\u2013treated, virologically suppressed\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive men. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with microparticles from individual subjects for 24\u00a0hours; thereafter, endothelial cell inflammation, oxidative stress, senescence, and apoptosis were assessed. Circulating concentrations of endothelial\u2010, platelet\u2010, monocyte\u2010, and leukocyte\u2010derived microparticles were significantly higher (\u224835%\u2013225%) in the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive compared with healthy men. Microparticles from\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive men induced significantly greater endothelial cell release of interleukin\u20106 and interleukin\u20108 (\u224820% and \u224835%, respectively) and nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB expression while suppressing anti\u2010inflammatory microRNAs (miR\u2010146a and miR\u2010181b). Intracellular reactive oxygen species production and expression of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">reactive oxygen species<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u2013related heat shock protein 70 were both higher in cells treated with microparticles from the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive men. In addition, the percentage of senescent cells was significantly higher and sirtuin 1 expression lower in cells treated with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013related microparticles. Finally, caspase\u20103 was significantly elevated by microparticles from\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive men.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Circulating concentrations of endothelial\u2010, platelet\u2010, monocyte\u2010, and leukocyte\u2010derived microparticles were higher in antiretroviral therapy\u2013treated\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101\u2013seropositive men and adversely affect endothelial cells promoting cellular inflammation, oxidative stress, senescence, and apoptosis. Circulating microparticles may contribute to the vascular risk associated with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u20101 infection.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.011134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T18:43:37Z","timestamp":1550601817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Circulating Microparticles Are Elevated in Treated HIV\u20101 Infection and Are Deleterious to Endothelial Cell Function"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jamie G.","family":"Hijmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory Department of Integrative Physiology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Stockelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory Department of Integrative Physiology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory Department of Integrative Physiology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma'ayan V.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory Department of Integrative Physiology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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