{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T15:19:44Z","timestamp":1770563984696,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Studies on the determinants of carotid intima\u2010media thickness (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ), a marker of sub\u2010clinical atherosclerosis, mostly come from white, Asian, and diasporan black populations. We present\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n              data from sub\u2010Saharan Africa, which is experiencing a rising burden of cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The H3 (Human Hereditary and Health) in Africa\u2019s AWI\u2010Gen (African\u2010Wits\u2010INDEPTH partnership for Genomic) study is a cross\u2010sectional study conducted in adults aged 40 to 60 years from Burkina Faso, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa. Cardiovascular disease risk and ultrasonography of the CIMT of right and left common carotids were measured. Multivariable linear and mixed\u2010effect multilevel regression modeling was applied to determine factors related to CIMT. Data included 8872 adults (50.8% men), mean age of 50\u00b16 years with age\u2010 and sex\u2010adjusted mean (\u00b1SE) CIMT of 640\u00b1123\u03bcm. Participants from Ghana and Burkina Faso had higher CIMT compared with other sites. Age (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a06.77, 95%CI [6.34\u20137.19]), body mass index (17.6[12.5\u201322.8]), systolic blood pressure (7.52[6.21\u20138.83]), low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.08[2.10\u20138.06]) and men (10.3[4.75\u2013\u00a015.9]) were associated with higher CIMT. Smoking was associated with higher CIMT in men. High\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (\u221212.2 [\u221217.9\u2013 \u22126.41]), alcohol consumption (\u201313.5 [\u221219.1\u2013\u22127.91]) and HIV (\u22128.86 [\u221215.7\u2013\u22122.03]) were inversely associated with CIMT.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Given the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases risk factors in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, atherosclerotic diseases may become a major pan\u2010African epidemic unless preventive measures are taken particularly for prevention of hypertension, obesity, and smoking.\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u2010specific studies are needed to fully understand the association between\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in sub\u2010Saharan Africa.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.011506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]],"date-time":"2019-07-13T09:04:07Z","timestamp":1563008647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Classical Cardiovascular Risk Factors and HIV are Associated With Carotid Intima\u2010Media Thickness in Adults From Sub\u2010Saharan Africa: Findings From H3Africa AWI\u2010Gen Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Engelbert A.","family":"Nonterah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana"},{"name":"Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the 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