{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:50:32Z","timestamp":1753887032433,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Rupture of a vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaque is an important underlying cause of ischemic stroke. Increased leaky plaque microvasculature may contribute to plaque vulnerability. These immature microvessels may facilitate entrance of inflammatory cells into the plaque. The objective of the present study is to investigate whether there is a difference in plaque microvasculature (the volume transfer coefficient\n K<\/jats:italic>\n trans<\/jats:sup>\n ) between the ipsilateral symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic carotid plaque using noninvasive dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Eighty\u2010eight patients with recent transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke and ipsilateral >2\u00a0mm carotid plaque underwent 3\u00a0T\n magnetic resonance imaging<\/jats:styled-content>\n to identify plaque components and to determine characteristics of plaque microvasculature. The volume transfer coefficient\n K<\/jats:italic>\n trans<\/jats:sup>\n , indicative for microvascular density, flow, and permeability, was calculated for the ipsilateral and asymptomatic plaque, using a pharmacokinetic model (Patlak). Presence of a lipid\u2010rich necrotic core, intraplaque hemorrhage, and a thin and\/or ruptured fibrous cap was assessed on multisequence\n magnetic resonance imaging<\/jats:styled-content>\n . We found significantly lower\n K<\/jats:italic>\n trans<\/jats:sup>\n in the symptomatic carotid plaque compared with the asymptomatic side (0.057\u00b10.002\u00a0min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n versus 0.062\u00b10.002\u00a0min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.033). There was an increased number of slices with\n intraplaque hemorrhage<\/jats:styled-content>\n (0.9\u00b11.6 versus 0.3\u00b10.8,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.002) and\n lipid\u2010rich necrotic core<\/jats:styled-content>\n (1.4\u00b11.9 versus 0.8\u00b11.4,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.016) and a higher prevalence of plaques with a\n thin and\/or ruptured fibrous cap<\/jats:styled-content>\n (32% versus 17%,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.023) at the symptomatic side.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n K<\/jats:italic>\n trans<\/jats:sup>\n was significantly lower in symptomatic carotid plaques, indicative for a decrease of plaque microvasculature in symptomatic plaques. This could be related to a larger amount of necrotic tissue in symptomatic plaques.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n URL<\/jats:styled-content>\n :\n http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov.uk<\/jats:ext-link>\n . Unique identifier:\n NCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 01208025.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.011832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T10:15:45Z","timestamp":1554977745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Symptomatic Carotid Plaques Demonstrate Less Leaky Plaque Microvasculature Compared With the Contralateral Side: A Dynamic Contrast\u2010Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve A. J. C.","family":"Crombag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raf H. M.","family":"van Hoof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Control Systems Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Holtackers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floris H. B. M.","family":"Schreuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition & Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martine T. B.","family":"Truijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobien A. H. C. M. L.","family":"Schreuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Zuyderland Heerlen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narender P.","family":"van Orshoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Zuyderland Sittard The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Werner H.","family":"Mess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A. M.","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"van Oostenbrugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim E.","family":"Wildberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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