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The present study aimed to assess the impact of long\u2010lasting professional physical training (endurance and sprint) performed at a young age on the endothelial function and arterial stiffness reported in older age in relation to glycocalyx injury, prostacyclin and nitric oxide production, inflammation, basal blood lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              This study involved 94 male subjects with varied training backgrounds, including young athletes (mean age \u223c25 years), older former high class athletes (mean age \u223c60 years), and aged\u2010matched untrained control groups. Aging increased arterial stiffness, as reflected by an enhancement in pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and stiffness index (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;10\n              <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n              ), as well as decreased endothelial function, as judged by the attenuation of flow\u2010mediated vasodilation (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ) in the brachial artery (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.03). Surprisingly, no effect of the training performed at a young age on endothelial function and arterial stiffness was observed in the former athletes. Moreover, no effect of training performed at a young age (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &gt;0.05) on blood lipid profile, markers of inflammation, and glycocalyx shedding were observed in the former athletes.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Our study clearly shows that aging, but not physical training history, represents the main contributing factor responsible for decline in endothelial function and increase in arterial stiffness in former athletes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.012670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T09:08:06Z","timestamp":1568279286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Age\u2010Dependent Impairment in Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness in Former High Class Male Athletes Is No Different to That in Men With No History of Physical Training"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Majerczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Poznan University of Physical Education Poznan Poland"},{"name":"Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Grandys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Fro\u0142ow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Szkutnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics AGH\u2010University of Science and Technology Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zakrzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Ni\u017cankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Chlopicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland"},{"name":"Chair of Pharmacology Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy A.","family":"Zoladz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00088.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00734.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000028581.07992.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00059.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.215228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00103.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.179432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2015.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01746-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielinski B Roman A Drozdz A Kowalewska A Frolow M. 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