{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:00:09Z","timestamp":1771038009666,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC), caused by\n              <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n              infection, is an important public health problem attributable to progressive cardiomyopathy in patients, for which there is no cure. Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is characterized by myocarditis and cardiac fibrosis, which leads to life\u2010threatening arrhythmogenic and circulatory abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate cardiac fibrosis progression in a mouse model of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Cardiac cells infected with\n              <jats:italic>T cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n              produced significantly higher concentrations of transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 (TGF\u2010\u03b2), connective tissue growth factor, endothelin\u20101, and platelet\u2010derived growth factor\u2010D than noninfected controls. Female Balb\/c mice infected with\n              <jats:italic>T cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n              were compared with na\u00efve mice. TGF\u2010\u03b2 genes and other TGF\u2010\u03b2 superfamily genes, as well as connective tissue growth factor, endothelin\u20101, and platelet\u2010derived growth factor, were upregulated in infected mouse hearts. Serum concentrations of TGF\u2010\u03b2, connective tissue growth factor, and platelet\u2010derived growth factor\u2010D were higher in infected mice and correlated with cardiac fibrosis. Strain analysis performed on magnetic resonance images at 111 and 140 days postinfection and echocardiography images at 212 days postinfection revealed significantly elevated left ventricular strain and cardiac fibrosis and concomitantly significantly decreased cardiac output in infected mice.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">TGF\u2010\u03b2, connective tissue growth factor and platelet\u2010derived growth factor\u2010D are potentially useful biomarkers of cardiac fibrosis, as they correlate with cardiac fibrosis. Strain analysis allows for use of noninvasive methods to measure fibrosis in the chronic stages of chagasic cardiomyopathy in a mouse model. These findings can be applied as noninvasive tools to study the effects of interventions and\/or therapeutics on cardiac fibrosis development when using a mouse model of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.013365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T10:00:27Z","timestamp":1573639227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Improved Biomarker and Imaging Analysis for Characterizing Progressive Cardiac Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kristyn A.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development Houston TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Bottazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Section\u00a0of Tropical Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development Houston TX"},{"name":"Department of Biology Baylor University Waco TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hotez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Section\u00a0of Tropical Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development Houston TX"},{"name":"Department of Biology Baylor University Waco TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Section\u00a0of Tropical Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development Houston TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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