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However, their efficacy is not fully elucidated, and the mechanism underlying their effect is not known.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              The middle cerebral artery occlusion model was utilized to determine the efficacy of interferon\u2010\u03b3\u2013activated mesenchymal stem cells (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3) as an acute therapy for stroke. Here we show that treatment with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 is a more potent therapy for stroke than naive\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              .\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 treatment results in significant functional recovery assessed by the modified neurological severity score and open\u2010field analysis compared with vehicle\u2010treated animals.\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3\u2010treated animals showed significant reductions in infarct size and inhibition of microglial activation. The\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 treatment suppressed the hypoxia\u2010induced microglial proinflammatory phenotype more effectively than treatment with naive\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              . Importantly, treatment with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 induced recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to myelin\u2010producing oligodendrocytes in vivo. To elucidate the mechanism underlying high efficacy of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 therapy, we examined the secretome of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 and compared it to that of naive\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              . Intriguingly, we found that\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 but not\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              upregulated neuron\u2010glia antigen 2, an important extracellular signal and a hallmark protein of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              These results suggest that activation of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              with interferon\u2010\u03b3 induces a potent proregenerative, promyelinating, and anti\u2010inflammatory phenotype of these cells, which increases the potency of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u03b3 as an effective therapy for ischemic stroke.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.013583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T09:00:28Z","timestamp":1585040428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Recovery Following Stroke Via Regulation of Inflammation and Oligodendrogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5717-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Tobin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Illinois at Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terilyn K. 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