{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:21:02Z","timestamp":1774542062380,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              It is currently unknown if antihypertensive drugs can be monitored in oral fluid (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ) using liquid chromatography coupled to high\u2010resolution mass spectrometry.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We assessed adherence using liquid chromatography coupled to high\u2010resolution mass spectrometry in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , plasma, and urine of 56 consecutive patients with hypertension referred to a tertiary hypertension unit. Of these patients, 59% were completely adherent (all drugs detectable in urine), whereas 29% and 13% were partially adherent (1 drug not detectable in urine) or nonadherent (&gt;1 drug not detectable in urine), respectively. Adherent patients were on fewer antihypertensive drugs (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.001), had fewer daily drug doses (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.012), and had lower 24\u2010hour ambulatory systolic (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.012) and diastolic (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.009) blood pressures than nonadherent or partially adherent patients. Most drugs were detected in urine compared with plasma and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              (181 versus 119 versus 88;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.001). Compared with urine and plasma, detection rates of angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>\n              receptor blockers, and diuretics were lower in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              . There was no difference in the frequency of detecting \u03b2 blockers (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =1.0) and calcium channel blockers (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.063) when comparing\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              with urine. There was no difference in the number of calcium channel blockers (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.727), \u03b2 blockers (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =1.000), thiazide diuretics (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.125), and \u03b1\u20102 agonists (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.125) identified between\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              and plasma.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              This study shows the feasibility of drug adherence testing for several antihypertensive drugs, especially those without acidic components, in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , with a similar recovery compared with plasma. Therefore, drug adherence testing in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              should be further explored as a noninvasive approach, which can easily be performed in an \u201cout\u2010of\u2010office\u201d setting.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.014180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T09:46:14Z","timestamp":1594115174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Adherence to Antihypertensive Drugs Assessed by Hyphenated High\u2010Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oral Fluids"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Lauder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin III Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes and Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ewen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin III Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes and Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin III Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes and Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian H. J.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center for Molecular Signaling Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy M.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center for Molecular Signaling Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Kindermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin III Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes and Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin III Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes and Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus R.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center for Molecular Signaling Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Mahfoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin III Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes and Saarland University Homburg\/Saar Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Science MIT Cambridge MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.768986"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1253-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328342ca97"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.16.1798"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2015.103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07464"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/58.12.1126"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050100"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0697-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.7.536"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"2070","article-title":"Standardized classification and framework for reporting, interpreting, and analysing medication non\u2010adherence in cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Non\u2010adherence Academic Research Consortium (NARC)","volume":"40","author":"Garcia Garcia HM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia Garcia HM, Vrijens B, Vranckx P, McFadden EP, Costa F, Pieper K, Vock DM, Zhang M, Van Es G\u2010A, et al. 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