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Our group has developed a therapeutic vaccine targeting\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9), named\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003. In this study, we investigated the potential effectiveness of the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine on hypercholesterolemia with renal fibrosis.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              The low\u2010density lipoprotein receptor\n              <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n              male mice fed with a high\u2010cholesterol (1%) Western diet were randomly assigned into 4 groups: the sham group (or the control group), the phosphate\u2010buffered saline group, the Q\u03b2 virus\u2010like particles group and the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine group. Mice of the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 group were injected with the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine (100\u00a0\u03bcg\/time) every 2 or 4\u00a0weeks. The mice were administered with either unilateral ureteral obstruction for 2\u00a0weeks or N\u2010nitro\u2010\n              <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n              \u2010arginine methyl ester (50\u00a0mg\/kg per day) for 6\u00a0weeks to establish a renal fibrosis model. Compared with the other 3 groups, the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine obviously decreased total cholesterol and low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol in low\u2010density lipoprotein receptor\n              <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n              mice with hypercholesterolemia. Compared with the phosphate\u2010buffered saline and Q\u03b2 virus\u2010like particles groups, the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine improved hepatic steatosis and renal function. Histology analysis showed that the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine significantly ameliorated renal lipid accumulation and renal fibrosis. Moreover, the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine obviously upregulated the expression of low\u2010density lipoprotein receptor, very\u2010low\u2010density lipoprotein receptor, sterol\u2010regulatory element binding protein 2, and fatty acid \u03b2\u2010oxidation\u2013related factors, and ameliorated renal fibrosis\u2010related molecules both in the unilateral ureteral obstruction and N\u2010nitro\u2010\n              <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n              \u2010arginine methyl ester models.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              This study suggested that the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              9Q\u03b2\u2010003 vaccine improved renal lipid accumulation and renal fibrosis by regulating fatty acid \u03b2\u2010oxidation, which may provide a promising method for treating hypercholesterolemia with renal fibrosis.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.014358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T10:00:21Z","timestamp":1577181621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Vaccine Against PCSK9 Improved Renal Fibrosis by Regulating Fatty Acid \u03b2\u2010Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Danyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the 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