{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:00:13Z","timestamp":1789678813557,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">HIV infection and depression are each associated with increased ischemic stroke risk. Whether depression is a risk factor for stroke within the HIV population is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We analyzed data on 106\u00a0333 (33\u00a0528 HIV\u2010positive; 72\u00a0805 HIV\u2010negative) people who were free of baseline cardiovascular disease from an observational cohort of HIV\u2010positive people and matched uninfected veterans in care from April 1, 2003 through December 31, 2014.\n              <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision<\/jats:italic>\n              (\n              <jats:italic>ICD\u20109<\/jats:italic>\n              ) codes from medical records were used to determine baseline depression and incident stroke. Depression occurred in 19.5% of HIV\u2010positive people. After a median of 9.2\u00a0years of follow\u2010up, stroke rates were highest among people with both HIV and depression and lowest among those with neither condition. In Cox proportional hazard models, depression was associated with an increased risk of stroke for HIV\u2010positive people after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and cerebrovascular risk factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.34; 0.014). The depression\u2010stroke relationship was attenuated by alcohol use disorders, cocaine use, and baseline antidepressant use, and unaffected by combined antiretroviral therapy use or individual antiretroviral agents. A numerically higher HR of depression on stroke was found among those younger than 60\u00a0years.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Depression is associated with an increased risk of stroke among HIV\u2010positive people after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, traditional cerebrovascular risk factors, and HIV\u2010specific factors. Alcohol use disorders, cocaine use, and baseline antidepressant use accounted for some of the observed stroke risk. Depression may be a novel, independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in HIV, particularly among younger people.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.017637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T09:05:51Z","timestamp":1624611951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Depression as a Risk Factor for Incident Ischemic Stroke Among HIV\u2010Positive Veterans in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5358-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason J.","family":"Sico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service VA Connecticut Healthcare System West Haven CT"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT"},{"name":"Center for NeuroEpidemiological and Clinical Neurological Research Yale School of Medicine New 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