{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:03:21Z","timestamp":1788264201372,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">In 2018, the World Health Organization prioritized control of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD), including disease surveillance. We developed strategies for estimating contemporary ARF\/RHD incidence and prevalence in Australia (2015\u20132017) by age group, sex, and region for Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous Australians based on innovative, direct methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This population\u2010based study used linked administrative data from 5 Australian jurisdictions. A cohort of ARF (age &lt;45\u00a0years) and RHD cases (&lt;55\u00a0years) were sourced from jurisdictional ARF\/RHD registers, surgical registries, and inpatient data. We developed robust methods for epidemiologic case ascertainment for ARF\/RHD. We calculated age\u2010specific and age\u2010standardized incidence and prevalence. Age\u2010standardized rate and prevalence ratios compared disease burden between demographic subgroups. Of 1425 ARF episodes, 72.1% were first\u2010ever, 88.8% in Indigenous people and 78.6% were aged &lt;25\u00a0years. The age\u2010standardized ARF first\u2010ever rates were 71.9 and 0.60\/100\u00a0000 for Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous populations, respectively (age\u2010standardized rate ratio=124.1; 95% CI, 105.2\u2013146.3). The 2017 Global Burden of Disease RHD prevalent counts for Australia (&lt;55\u00a0years) underestimate the burden (1518 versus 6156 Australia\u2010wide extrapolated from our study). The Indigenous age\u2010standardized RHD prevalence (666.3\/100\u00a0000) was 61.4 times higher (95% CI, 59.3\u201363.5) than non\u2010Indigenous (10.9\/100\u00a0000). Female RHD prevalence was double that in males. Regions in northern Australia had the highest rates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This study provides the most accurate estimates to date of Australian ARF and RHD rates. The high Indigenous burden necessitates urgent government action. Findings suggest RHD may be underestimated in many high\u2010resource settings. The linked data methods outlined here have potential for global applicability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.016851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T09:08:36Z","timestamp":1600074516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Contemporary Incidence and Prevalence of Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in Australia Using Linked Data: The Case for Policy Change"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5287-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith M.","family":"Katzenellenbogen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"},{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9415-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Bond\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Dempsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health ResearchCharles Darwin University Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3032-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Stacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health ResearchCharles Darwin University Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-0767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"de Klerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"},{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Greenland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank M.","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute Perth Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Medical Research Institute Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"The University of Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Carapetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Wyber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute Perth Australia"},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Nedkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4468-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Bessarab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna P.","family":"Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health ResearchCharles Darwin University Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Seventy\u2010First World Health Assembly A71\/25","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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