{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:34:56Z","timestamp":1780608896216,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Although sub\u2010Saharan Africa has a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there remains a lack of systematic and comprehensive assessment of risk factors and early CVD outcomes in adults in sub\u2010Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Using a stratified multistage random sampling method, we recruited 1106 men and women, aged &gt;18\u00a0years, from the general population in Ghana to participate in a national health survey from 2016 to 2017. In Ghanaian adults, the age\u2010standardized prevalence of known CVD risk factors was 15.1% (95% CI, 12.9%\u201317.3%) for obesity, 6.8% (95% CI, 5.1%\u20138.5%) for diabetes mellitus, 26.1% (95% CI, 22.9%\u201329.4%) for hypertension, and 9.3% (95% CI, 7.1%\u201311.5%) for hyperuricemia. In addition, 10.1% (95% CI, 7.0%\u201313.2%) of adults had peripheral artery disease, 8.3% (95% CI, 6.7%\u201310.0%) had carotid thickening, 4.1% (95% CI, 2.9%\u20135.2%) had left ventricular hypertrophy, and 2.5% (95% CI, 1.5%\u20133.4%) had chronic kidney disease. Three CVD risk factors appeared to play prominent roles in the development of target organ damage, including obesity for peripheral artery disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.22; 95% CI, 1.35\u20133.63), hypertension for carotid thickening (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.22\u20133.08), and left ventricular hypertrophy (OR, 5.28; 95% CI, 2.55\u201312.11) and hyperuricemia for chronic kidney disease (OR, 5.49; 95% CI, 2.84\u201310.65).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This comprehensive health survey characterized the baseline conditions of a national cohort of adults while confirming the prevalence of CVD risk factors, and early CVD outcomes have reached epidemic proportions in Ghana. The distinct patterns of risk factors in the development of target organ damage present important challenges and opportunities for interventions to improve cardiometabolic health among adults in Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.017492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T06:53:44Z","timestamp":1607324024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Preclinical Target Organ Damage Among Adults in Ghana: Findings From a National Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical Sciences Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of 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