{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:07:33Z","timestamp":1792886853418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The associations of chronic cigarette smoking with blood pressure (BP) remain mixed. It is unclear whether a lack of examination of racial differences contributed to the mixed findings in previous studies. Black smokers metabolize nicotine at a slower rate than White smokers and racial discrimination contributes to nicotine dependence and higher BP among Black smokers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We studied the association between cigarette smoking and longitudinal (30\u2010year) changes in systolic BP, diastolic BP, and pulse pressure (PP) in 4786 Black and White individuals from the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study using repeated\u2010measures regression models. Neither systolic BP, nor diastolic BP differed between Black consistent smokers compared with Black never smokers, although Black consistent smokers had higher PP than Black never smokers (\u03b2=1.01\u00a0mm\u00a0Hg,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.028). White consistent smokers had similar systolic BP, but lower diastolic BP (\u03b2=\u22122.27\u00a0mm\u00a0Hg,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001) and higher PP (\u03b2=1.59\u00a0mm\u00a0Hg,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001) compared with White never smokers. There were no differences in systolic BP, diastolic BP, or PP between Black or White long\u2010term former smokers compared with never smokers (all\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &gt;0.05).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Although the associations of cigarette smoking with alterations in BP are small, the greater PP observed in consistent smokers may contribute in part to the higher cardiovascular disease risk observed in this group because PP is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease risk after middle age.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.019566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T09:14:37Z","timestamp":1619514877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Cigarette Smoking and Longitudinal Associations With Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Luehrs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology North Central College Naperville IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7499-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary L.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"},{"name":"Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"},{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences Research Center The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"},{"name":"Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7232-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health The University of Minnesota MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Kalhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara M.","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology The University of Iowa Iowa City IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.4.354"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511939"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.00543"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300156"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(86)90645-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4802-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1996.tb02748.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.2.187"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcnurse.2005.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.35.5.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.152"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.159855"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2016.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000219284.47970.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(79)90179-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.10.1370"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0033"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234759"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp062"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100446"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt198"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults: new investigators. Available at: https:\/\/www.cardia.dopm.uab.edu\/invitation\u2010to\u2010new\u2010investigators. Accessed January 28 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2017.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-9-31"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1226"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2165"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801415"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(77)90034-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31904-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00302-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"The acute and chronic effect of cigarette smoking on the elastic properties of the ascending aorta in healthy male subjects","volume":"47","author":"Sassalos K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sassalos K, Vlachopoulos C, Alexopoulos N, Gialernios T, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. The acute and chronic effect of cigarette smoking on the elastic properties of the ascending aorta in healthy male subjects. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2006;47:263\u2013268.","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv189"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaaa015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(74)90492-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(84)90111-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Heart Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.019566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T11:14:22Z","timestamp":1715598862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.019566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/JAHA.120.019566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.120.019566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9980"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9980","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e019566"}}