{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:48:41Z","timestamp":1778978921603,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Previous reports suggest that the use of angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may upregulate angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 receptors and increase severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectivity. We evaluated the association between ACEI or ARB use and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) infection among patients with hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We identified patients with hypertension as of March 1, 2020 (index date) from Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Patients who received ACEIs, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, thiazide diuretics (TD), or no therapy were identified using outpatient pharmacy data covering the index date. Outcome of interest was a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for COVID\u201019 between March 1 and May 6, 2020. Patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were identified within 1 year preindex date. Among 824\u00a0650 patients with hypertension, 16\u00a0898 (2.0%) were tested for COVID\u201019. Of those tested, 1794 (10.6%) had a positive result. Overall, exposure to ACEIs or ARBs was not statistically significantly associated with COVID\u201019 infection after propensity score adjustment (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90\u20131.25) for ACEIs versus calcium channel blockers\/beta blockers\/TD; OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.91\u20131.31 for ARBs versus calcium channel blockers\/beta blockers\/TD). The associations between ACEI use and COVID\u201019 infection varied in different age groups (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              \u2010interaction=0.03). ACEI use was associated with lower odds of COVID\u201019 among those aged \u226585\u00a0years (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12\u20130.77). Use of no antihypertensive medication was significantly associated with increased odds of COVID\u201019 infection compared with calcium channel blockers\/beta blockers\/TD (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.11\u20131.56).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Neither ACEI nor ARB use was associated with increased likelihood of COVID\u201019 infection. Decreased odds of COVID\u201019 infection among adults \u226585\u00a0years using ACEIs warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.019669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T10:05:17Z","timestamp":1607940317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Angiotensin\u2010Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Use and COVID\u201019 Infection Among 824\u00a0650 Patients With Hypertension From a US Integrated Healthcare System"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3161-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaejin","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0204-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany Q.","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Mefford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa N.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Creekmur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Sum","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Brettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeline L.","family":"Ong\u2010Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7619-1649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristi","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena CA"},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31030-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019). Evaluating and testing PUI. September 16 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019\u2010ncov\/hcp\/clinical\u2010criteria.html. Accessed September 16 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khera R Clark C Lu Y Guo Y Ren S Truax B Spatz ES Murugiah K Lin Z Omer SB et al. Association of angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers with the risk of hospitalization and death in hypertensive patients with coronavirus disease\u201019. medRxiv. 2020 May 19. DOI: 10.1101\/2020.05.17.20104943. Preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.17.20104943"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Heart Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.019669","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T12:01:07Z","timestamp":1715601667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.019669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/JAHA.120.019669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.120.019669","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9980"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9980","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e019669"}}