{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T22:01:35Z","timestamp":1774648895794,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Although \u224870% of the world's population of people living with HIV reside in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, there are minimal prospective data on the contributions of HIV infection to atherosclerosis in the region.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy &gt;40\u00a0years of age in rural Uganda, along with population\u2010based comparators not infected with HIV. We collected data on cardiovascular disease risk factors and carotid ultrasound measurements annually. We fitted linear mixed effects models, adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors, to estimate the association between HIV serostatus and progression of carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). We enrolled 155 people living with HIV and 154 individuals not infected with HIV and collected cIMT images at 1045 visits during a median of 4 annual visits per participant (interquartile range 3\u20134, range 1\u20135). Age (median 50.9\u00a0years) and sex (49% female) were similar by HIV serostatus. At enrollment, there was no difference in mean cIMT by HIV serostatus (0.665 versus 0.680\u00a0mm,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.15). In multivariable models, increasing age, blood pressure, and non\u2013high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with greater cIMT (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.05), however change in cIMT per year was also no different by HIV serostatus (0.004\u00a0mm\/year for HIV negative [95% CI, 0.001\u20130.007\u00a0mm], 0.006\u00a0mm\/year for people living with HIV [95% CI, 0.003\u20130.008\u00a0mm], HIV\u00d7time interaction\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.25).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">In rural Uganda, treated HIV infection was not associated with faster cIMT progression. These results do not support classification of treated HIV infection as a risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis progression in rural sub\u2010Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              URL:\n              <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.ClinicalTrials.gov\">https:\/\/www.ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n              ; Unique identifier: NCT02445079.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.019994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T09:13:08Z","timestamp":1622884388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Treated HIV Infection and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Rural Uganda: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3506-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Siedner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prossy","family":"Bibangambah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7705-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"June\u2010Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston 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