{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:25:43Z","timestamp":1781375143747,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Little is known about the psychological risks of dispatched citizen responders who have participated in resuscitation attempts.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">A cross\u2010sectional survey study was performed with 102 citizen responders who participated in a resuscitation attempt from July 23, 2018, to August 22, 2018, in the Capital Region of Denmark. Psychological distress, defined as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, was assessed 3\u00a0weeks after the resuscitation attempt and measured with the Impact of Event Scale\u2010Revised. Perceived stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Scale. Individual differences were assessed as the personality traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience with the Big Five Inventory, general self\u2010efficacy, and coping mechanisms (Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory). Associations between continuous variables were examined with the Pearson correlation. The associations between psychological distress levels and contextual factors and individual differences were analyzed in multivariable linear regression models to determine factors independently associated with psychological distress levels. The mean overall posttraumatic stress disorder score was 0.65 of 12; the mean perceived stress score was 7.61 of 40. The most common coping mechanisms were acceptance and emotional support. Low perceived stress was significantly associated with high general self\u2010efficacy, and high perceived stress was significantly associated with high scores on neuroticism and openness to experience. Non\u2013healthcare professionals were less likely to report symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Citizen responders who participated in resuscitation reported low levels of psychological distress. Individual differences were significantly associated with levels of psychological distress and should be considered when engaging citizen responders in resuscitation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.020378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T13:07:18Z","timestamp":1625317638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Association of Psychological Distress, Contextual Factors, and Individual Differences Among Citizen Responders"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Emma Slebsager","family":"Ries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services University of Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid Rolin","family":"Kragh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services University of Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Dammeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Folke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services University of Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology Herlev Gentofte University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linn","family":"Andelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services University of Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Malta Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services University of Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology Herlev Gentofte University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.09.392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(98)00027-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(96)00993-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2001.10.6.408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"479","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model","author":"Bagby R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bagby R, Uliaszek A, Gralnick TM, Al\u2010Dajani N. 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