{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:49:04Z","timestamp":1780462144604,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Black men and women are at higher risk for, and suffer greater morbidity and mortality from, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared with adults of European Ancestry (EA). Black patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are at particularly high risk for ASCVD complications because of lifelong exposure to elevated levels of low\u2010density\u2010lipoprotein cholesterol.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              This retrospective study analyzed ASCVD prevalence and risk factors in 808 adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia from 5 US\u2010based lipid clinics, and compared findings in Black versus EA patients. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the strongest predictors of ASCVD as a function of race. No significant difference was noted in the prevalence of ASCVD in Black versus EA patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (39% versus 32%, respectively;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.15). However, Black versus EA patients had significantly greater prevalence of modifiable risk factors, including body mass index (mean, 32\u00b17\u00a0kg\/m\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              versus 29\u00b16\u00a0kg\/m\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              ;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001), hypertension (82% versus 50%;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001), diabetes (39% versus 15%;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001), and current smoking (16% versus 8%;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.006). Black versus EA patients also had significantly lower usage of statins (61% versus 73%;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.004) and other lipid\u2010lowering agents. In a fully adjusted multivariate model, race was not independently associated with ASCVD (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.60\u20131.49;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.72).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The strongest predictors of ASCVD in Black patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were hypertension and cigarette smoking. These data support wider usage of statins and other lipid\u2010lowering therapies and greater attention to modifiable risk, specifically blood pressure management and smoking cessation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.121.020890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T09:13:21Z","timestamp":1629882801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Racial Disparities in Modifiable Risk Factors and Statin Usage in Black Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9273-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anandita","family":"Agarwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital Baylor Plano Plano TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Deych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliza","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laney K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Medicine Institute Geisinger Danville PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6839-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy C.","family":"Sturm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Medicine Institute Geisinger Danville PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Aspry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid and Prevention Program Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, and Brown UniversityAlpert Medical School Providence RI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid and Prevention Program Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, and Brown UniversityAlpert Medical School Providence RI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6432-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christie M.","family":"Ballantyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary heart disease\u2010\u2010United States, 2006\u20102010","volume":"60","author":"(CDC) CfDCaP","year":"2011","unstructured":"(CDC) CfDCaP . Prevalence of coronary heart disease\u2010\u2010United States, 2006\u20102010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1377\u20131381","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000534"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001559"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046961"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-016-0559-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.112.963587"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7000"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Heart Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/JAHA.121.020890","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T11:43:11Z","timestamp":1715600591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/JAHA.121.020890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/JAHA.121.020890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.121.020890","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9980"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9980","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e020890"}}