{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:49:49Z","timestamp":1781714989379,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that primarily affects children under 5\u00a0years of age. Some researchers suggested a potential triggering effect of air pollution on KD, but the findings are inconsistent and limited by small sample size. We investigated the association between ambient air pollution and KD among the population of South Korea younger than 5 years using the National Health Insurance claim data between 2007 and 2019.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We obtained the data regarding particulate matter \u226410 or 2.5\u00a0\u00b5m in diameter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone from 235 regulatory monitoring stations. Using a time\u2010stratified case\u2010crossover design, we performed conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) of KD according to interquartile range increases in each air pollutant concentration on the day of fever onset after adjusting for temperature and relative humidity. We identified 51\u00a0486 children treated for KD during the study period. An interquartile range increase (14.67\u00a0\u03bcg\/m\n              <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n              ) of particulate matter \u22642.5 \u00b5m was positively associated with KD at lag 1 (OR, 1.016; 95% CI, 1.004\u20131.029). An interquartile range increase (2.79\u00a0ppb) of sulfur dioxide concentration was associated with KD at all lag days (OR, 1.018; 95% CI, 1.002\u20131.034 at lag 0; OR, 1.022; 95% CI, 1.005\u20131.038 at lag 1; OR, 1.017; 95% CI, 1.001\u20131.033 at lag 2). Results were qualitatively similar in the second scenario of different fever onset, 2\u2010pollutant model and sensitivity analyses.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">In a KD\u2010focused national cohort of children, exposure to particulate matter \u22642.5 \u00b5m and sulfur dioxide was positively associated with the risk of KD. This finding supports the triggering role of ambient air pollution in the development of KD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.121.024092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T12:25:57Z","timestamp":1651062357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ambient Air Pollution and Kawasaki Disease in Korean Children: A Study of the National Health Insurance Claim Data"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7967-8508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayoon","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology UCLA Fielding School of Public Health Los Angeles CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2733-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young June","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Korea University Anam Hospital Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7110-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun\u2010Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Control and Population Health Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy National Cancer Center Goyang\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Chul","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Health Informatics Graduate School of Public Health Korea University Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6270-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung\u2010Ah","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Division of Life Sciences Korea University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.e27"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE2008001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000202067.50975.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease according to age at diagnosis","volume":"46","author":"Kim SH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kim KH, Kim DS. 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