{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:02:28Z","timestamp":1789560148599,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"background\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Breastfeeding is associated with improved cardiometabolic profiles decades after pregnancy. Whether this association exists for women who experience hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is unknown. The authors examined whether breastfeeding duration or exclusivity are associated with long\u2010term cardiometabolic health, and whether this relationship differs by HDP status.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Participants (N=3598) were from the UK ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) cohort. HDP status was assessed by medical record review. Breastfeeding behaviors were assessed by contemporaneous questionnaires. Breastfeeding duration was categorized as never, &lt;1, 1 to &lt;3, 3 to &lt;6, 6 to &lt;9, and 9+ months. Breastfeeding exclusivity was categorized as never, &lt;1, 1 to &lt;3, and 3 to 6\u2009months. Measures of cardiometabolic health (body mass index, waist circumference, C\u2010reactive protein, insulin, proinsulin, glucose, lipids, blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, carotid intima\u2010media thickness, and arterial distensibility) were measured 18\u2009years after pregnancy. Analyses were conducted using linear regression adjusting for relevant covariates. Breastfeeding was associated with improved cardiometabolic health (lower body mass index, waist circumference, C\u2010reactive protein, triglycerides, insulin, and proinsulin) in all women, but not for every breastfeeding duration. Interaction tests revealed additional benefits in women with a history of HDP, with the strongest benefit observed in the 6\u2010 to 9\u2010month breastfeeding category (diastolic blood pressure, \u22124.87\u2009mm\u2009Hg [95% CI, \u22127.86 to \u22121.88], mean arterial pressure \u22124.61 [95% CI, \u22127.45 to \u22121.77], and low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol, \u22120.40\u2009mmol\/L [95% CI, \u22120.62 to \u22120.17\u2009mmol\/L]). Differences in C\u2010reactive protein and low\u2010density lipoprotein \u201csurvived\u201d Bonferroni correction (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001). Similar results were observed in the exclusive breastfeeding analyses.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Breastfeeding may be a mechanism to reduce the cardiovascular disease sequela associated with HDP; however, there is a need to establish whether associations reflect a causal effect.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.026696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T10:16:16Z","timestamp":1677492976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Breastfeeding and Later\u2010Life Cardiometabolic Health in Women With and Without Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Magnus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Fertility and Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School Bristol United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0654-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"McKenzie K.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children and Youth, College of Nursing The Ohio State University Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill R.","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet M.","family":"Catov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology &amp; Reproductive Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy J.","family":"Schmella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School Bristol United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000508036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.044784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-019-0238-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0460-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000252831.06695.03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000346884.67796.ca"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c5512a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10641950109152635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-007-9131-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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