{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1784168824239,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"background\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with differential impact across populations. This descriptive epidemiologic study outlines trends and disparities in obesity\u2010related cardiovascular mortality in the US population between 1999 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The Multiple Cause of Death database was used to identify adults with primary cardiovascular death and obesity recorded as a contributing cause of death. Cardiovascular deaths were grouped into ischemic heart disease, heart failure, hypertensive disease, cerebrovascular disease, and other. Absolute, crude, and age\u2010adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated by racial group, considering temporal trends and variation by sex, age, and residence (urban versus rural). Analysis of 281\u2009135 obesity\u2010related cardiovascular deaths demonstrated a 3\u2010fold increase in AAMRs from 1999 to 2020 (2.2\u20106.6 per 100\u2009000 population). Black individuals had the highest AAMRs. American Indian or Alaska Native individuals had the greatest temporal increase in AAMRs (+415%). Ischemic heart disease was the most common primary cause of death. The second most common cause of death was hypertensive disease, which was most common in the Black racial group (31%). Among Black individuals, women had higher AAMRs than men; across all other racial groups, men had a greater proportion of obesity\u2010related cardiovascular mortality cases and higher AAMRs. Black individuals had greater AAMRs in urban compared with rural settings; the reverse was observed for all other races.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Obesity\u2010related cardiovascular mortality is increasing with differential trends by race, sex, and place of residence.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.028409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T09:31:47Z","timestamp":1693992707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Racial Disparities in Obesity\u2010Related Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States: Temporal Trends From 1999 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Raisi\u2010Estabragh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Queen Mary University London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew\u2019s Hospital Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofer","family":"Kobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Cardiovascular Research Group Keele University Keele United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology Hillel Yaffe Medical Center Hadera Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Mieres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Hofstra University, Lake Success New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8167-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee P.","family":"Bullock\u2010Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Deborah Heart and Lung Center Brown Mills NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8370-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriette G.C.","family":"Van Spall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Population Health Research Institute Research Institute of St. Joe\u2019s, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5397-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadijah","family":"Breathett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9241-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamas A.","family":"Mamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Cardiovascular Research Group Keele University Keele United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute of Population Health University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Stierman B Afful J Carroll MD Te\u2010Ching C Orlando D Fink S Fryar CD Gu Q Hales CM Hughes JP et al. 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