{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:11:35Z","timestamp":1789103495710,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"jah38449-sec-0001\" sec-type=\"background\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a crucial indicator of subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The relationship between long\u2010term insulin resistance (IR) trajectory and CAC has been explored in few studies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the long\u2010term IR time series of young adults are associated with the incidence of CAC in midlife.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec id=\"jah38449-sec-0002\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              In a cohort study comprising 2777 participants from the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study, the homeostasis model assessment for IR was used to measure IR levels, and group\u2010based trajectory modeling was used to fit three 25\u2010year homeostasis model assessments for IR trajectories. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between the 3 homeostasis model assessments for IR trajectories and CAC events at year 25. The results showed that among 2777 participants (mean age, 50.10\u00b13.58\u2009years; 56.2% women; 46.4% Black), there were 780 incident CAC events after a 25\u2010year follow\u2010up. After full adjustment, the prevalence of CAC was higher in the moderate\u2010 (odds ratio [OR], 1.40 [1.10\u20131.76]) and the high\u2010level homeostasis model assessments for IR trajectories (OR, 1.84 [1.21\u20132.78]) than in the low\u2010level trajectory. This association was observed in obese individuals despite the negative interaction between IR and different types of obesity (all\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              interactions &gt;0.05).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec id=\"jah38449-sec-0003\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Our study revealed that young adults with a higher level of IR were more likely to develop CAC in middle age. Furthermore, this association persisted in obese individuals. These findings highlight the importance of identifying subclinical cardiovascular risk factors and implementing primary prevention measures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.028985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T09:55:07Z","timestamp":1684835707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Long\u2010Term High Level of Insulin Resistance Is Associated With an Increased Prevalence of Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zezhi","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, P. R. China"]},{"name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, P. 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