{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:06:37Z","timestamp":1792555597535,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"background\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Knowledge gaps remain in how gender\u2010related socioeconomic inequality affects sex disparities in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) prevention and outcome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Based on a nationwide population cohort, we enrolled 3\u2009737\u2009036 residents aged 35 to 75\u2009years (2014\u20132021). Age\u2010standardized sex differences and the effect of gender\u2010related socioeconomic inequality (Gender Inequality Index) on sex disparities were explored in 9 CVD prevention indicators. Compared with men, women had seemingly better primary prevention (aspirin usage: relative risk [RR], 1.24 [95% CI, 1.18\u20131.31] and statin usage: RR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.39\u20131.57]); however, women's status became insignificant or even worse when adjusted for metabolic factors. In secondary prevention, the sex disparities in usage of aspirin (RR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.63\u20130.68]) and statin (RR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.61\u20130.66]) were explicitly larger than disparities in usage of\u00a0angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin receptor blockers (RR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.84\u20130.91]) or \u03b2 blockers (RR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.63\u20130.71]). Nevertheless, women had better hypertension awareness (RR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.09\u20131.10]), similar hypertension control (RR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00\u20131.02]), and lower CVD mortality (hazard ratio, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.45\u20130.47]). Heterogeneities of sex disparities existed across all subgroups. Significant correlations existed between regional Gender Inequality Index values and sex disparities in usage of angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin receptor blockers (Spearman correlation coefficient,\n              <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n              =\u22120.57,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.0013), hypertension control (\n              <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n              =\u22120.62,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.0007), and CVD mortality (\n              <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.45,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.014), which remained significant after adjusting for economic factors.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Notable sex disparities remain in CVD prevention and outcomes, with large subgroup heterogeneities. Gendered socioeconomic factors could reinforce such disparities. A sex\u2010specific perspective factoring in socioeconomic disadvantages could facilitate more targeted prevention policy making.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.123.030203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T11:43:30Z","timestamp":1696679010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of Socioeconomic Gender Inequality on Sex Disparities in Prevention and Outcome of Cardiovascular Disease: Data From a Nationwide Population Cohort in China"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of 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