{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:33:40Z","timestamp":1787510020094,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"background\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been identified as a causal risk factor for multiple forms of cardiovascular disease. Although observational evidence has linked MDD to peripheral artery disease (PAD), causal evidence of this relationship is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      Inverse variance weighted 2\u2010sample Mendelian randomization was used to test the association the between genetic liability for MDD and genetic liability for PAD. Genetic liability for MDD was associated with increased genetic liability for PAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06\u20131.29];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =2.6\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Genetic liability for MDD was also associated with increased genetically determined lifetime smoking (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.11 [95% CI, 0.078\u20130.14];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.2\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u221212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), decreased alcohol intake (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22120.078 [95% CI, \u22120.15 to 0];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.043), and increased body mass index (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.10 [95% CI, 0.02\u20130.19];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.8\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), which in turn were associated with genetic liability for PAD (smoking: OR, 2.81 [95% CI, 2.28\u20133.47],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =9.8\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u221222<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; alcohol: OR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.66\u20130.88];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.8\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; body mass index: OR, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.52\u20131.7];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.3\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u221257<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Controlling for lifetime smoking index, alcohol intake, and body mass index with multivariable Mendelian randomization completely attenuated the association between genetic liability for MDD with genetic liability for PAD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This work provides evidence for a possible causal association between MDD and PAD that is dependent on intermediate risk factors, adding to the growing body of evidence suggesting that effective management and treatment of cardiovascular diseases may require a composite of physical and mental health interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  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