{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:17:59Z","timestamp":1789186679001,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Sex differences in obesity and fat distribution may in part explain differences in cardiovascular risk in men versus women. We sought to examine sex differences in the associations of obesity and adiposity measures with cardiovascular disease\u2013related protein biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      In a cross\u2010sectional observational cohort study, we examined whether the association of obesity (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference) and adiposity measures (visceral adipose tissue) with biomarkers demonstrates effect modification by sex using multiplicative interaction terms in multivariable linear regression models. Among 3143 participants (mean age, 50\u2009years; 49% women), sex modified the association of BMI, waist circumference, and visceral adipose tissue with cardiovascular disease\u2013related protein biomarkers (7 for BMI, 3 for waist circumference, and 23 for visceral adipose tissue, false discovery rate [FDR]\u2010q\n                      <jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>\n                      &lt;0.05 for all). For example, higher BMI was associated with lower \u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010microglobulin levels in men but not in women (\u00df, \u22120.113; SE, 0.028;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001 in men versus \u00df, \u22120.007; SE, 0.024;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.78 in women). By contrast, higher BMI was associated with higher adipsin levels in men and women, but the association was more pronounced in women (\u00df, 0.287; SE, 0.023;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001 in women versus \u00df, 0.189; SE, 0.026;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001 in men). The associations of higher visceral adipose tissue with biomarkers representing adiposity, inflammation, and fibrosis were more pronounced in women versus men.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We found that sex modified the associations of obesity and adipose traits with cardiovascular risk ascertained by cardiovascular disease\u2013related biomarkers including markers of adiposity, inflammation, and fibrosis. These findings highlight potential biological pathways that may underlie some of the observed differences in obesity\u2010related cardiovascular disease between women and men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.124.000223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T05:52:08Z","timestamp":1731304328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sex Differences in Protein Biomarkers and Measures of Fat Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana F.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8339-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail S.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6510-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhi K.","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndidi","family":"Owunna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5691-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Courchesne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study Framingham MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin G.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study Framingham MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1843-8724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study Framingham MA USA"},{"name":"Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Murabito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study Framingham MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9361-6397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily S.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Hales CM Carroll MD Fryar CD Ogden CL. 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