{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:46:06Z","timestamp":1792449966461,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Low gestational vitamin D levels may increase offspring risk of cardiovascular disease from an early age. Studies investigating the impact on offspring macrovascular function have been inconsistent. Few included pulse wave velocity as an arterial stiffness indicator, and none included measures of microvascularization as an early marker of cardiovascular health. This study explored the association between gestational vitamin D levels and macro\u2010 and microvascular health across early adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      We analyzed data from 430 mother\u2013child pairs from a Spanish birth cohort. 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) levels were measured in serum at 13\u2009weeks of pregnancy. At 11 and 15\u2009years we assessed macrovascular parameters, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mm\u2009Hg) and pulse wave velocity (m\/s), and microvascular parameters (central retinal artery\/vein equivalent (\u03bcm)). We used continuous (in ng\/mL) and categorical (deficient &lt;20\u2009ng\/mL versus adequate &gt;20\u2009ng\/mL) deseasonalized 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels as exposure. Mixed effect and linear regression models were conducted. During their pregnancies, nearly 23% of the mothers had deficient vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels. We did not find statistically significant associations between pregnancy vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels and macro\u2010 and microvascular function markers across adolescence. However, subjects exposed to deficient vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels showed a nonstatistically significant decrease in pulse wave velocity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22120.09 [95% CI, \u22120.19 to 0.01]) compared with those exposed to adequate levels. There was no evidence of a sex interaction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Our findings show little evidence to support associations between low vitamin D levels during pregnancy and macro\u2010 or microvascular health parameters through early adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.124.035273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T06:04:01Z","timestamp":1740549841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Role of Maternal Vitamin D\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    Levels in Shaping Adolescent Vascular Health: Evidence From a Spanish Population\u2010Based Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2391-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia","family":"Sang\u00fcesa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Pey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Anguita\u2010Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2716-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charline","family":"Warembourg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en sant\u00e9, environnement et travail)\u2014UMR_S 1085","place":["Rennes, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Rouxel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en sant\u00e9, environnement et travail)\u2014UMR_S 1085","place":["Rennes, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3583-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University","place":["Hasselt, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"De Boever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University","place":["Hasselt, Belgium"]},{"name":"Antwerp University Hospital","place":["Edegem, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Elen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)","place":["Mol, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana B. 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