{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:08:29Z","timestamp":1787947709663,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"jah310794-sec-0001\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Hypothalamic gliosis is mechanistically linked to obesity and insulin resistance in rodent models. We tested cross\u2010sectional associations between radiologic measures of hypothalamic gliosis in humans and clinically relevant cardiovascular disease risk factors, as well as prevalent coronary heart disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec id=\"jah310794-sec-0002\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Using brain magnetic resonance imaging from FHS (Framingham Heart Study) participants (N=867; mean age, 55\u2009years; 55% women), T2\u2010signal intensities were extracted bilaterally from the region of interest in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and reference regions in the amygdala and putamen. T2\u2010signal ratios were created in which greater relative T2\u2010signal intensity suggests gliosis. The primary measure compared MBH with amygdala (MBH\/amygdala). Outcomes were body mass index, high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol, low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, and the presence of hypertension (n=449), diabetes (n=66), metabolic syndrome (n=254), or coronary heart disease (n=25). Statistical testing was performed using linear or logistic regression. Greater MBH\/amygdala T2\u2010signal ratios were associated with higher body mass index (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001), higher fasting triglycerides (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001), lower high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.034), and presence of hypertension (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.0088), and the latter 2 were independent of body mass index. Findings for diabetes were mixed, whereas metabolic syndrome was strongly associated with greater MBH\/amygdala T2\u2010signal ratios (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001). T2\u2010signal ratios were not associated with prevalent coronary heart disease (all\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              &gt;0.05), but CIs were wide.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec id=\"jah310794-sec-0003\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Using a well\u2010established study of cardiovascular disease development, we found evidence linking hypothalamic gliosis to multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors, independent of adiposity. Our results highlight the need to consider central nervous system mechanisms to understand and improve cardiometabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.124.039463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T03:39:16Z","timestamp":1744861156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hypothalamic Gliosis Is Associated With Multiple Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Melhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey L. 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