{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T06:09:12Z","timestamp":1793772552657,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Hypertension is a global health crisis linked to increased heart disease and stroke. Black individuals have the greatest burden of hypertension and related diseases. Recent research suggests that the gut microbial production of short\u2010chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, is associated with blood pressure (BP) regulation. We hypothesize that acutely increasing gut butyrate would lead to a significant reduction in BP within a 24\u2010hour period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Ten Black adults with normal BP and 10 with stage 1 hypertension (age and sex\u2010matched) participated in this study. In a crossover experiment, participants with hypertension randomly self\u2010administered a low dose (5\u2009mmol\/L) and a high dose (80\u2009mmol\/L) butyrate enema 7\u2009days apart. Blood butyrate levels were measured before and 30\u2009minutes post enema, with BP monitored via 24\u2010hour ambulatory devices. Preintervention fecal samples were sequenced via the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and microbiome characteristics assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We observed that daytime systolic BP was significantly lower after the 80\u2009mmol\/L butyrate enema. There was no significant difference in blood butyrate between controls and the group with hypertension before or after either enema. Microbial diversity did not significantly differ between groups; however, pathways for carbohydrate fermentation were significantly lower with differentially abundance butyrate\u2010producing microbes in participants with hypertension compared with those with normal BP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This study suggests that increasing gut butyrate availability can improve BP. The findings bolster the evidence that gut butyrate regulates BP and supports studies needed to test strategies to boost gut butyrate availability for BP control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      URL:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; Unique identifier NCT04415333.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.124.039759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:44:36Z","timestamp":1753875876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of 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North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-5086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc D.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University","place":["Greensboro, USA"]},{"name":"Center for Integrative Health Disparity & Equity Research (CIHDER), North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","place":["Greensboro, 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