{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:59:40Z","timestamp":1792886380488,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The cellular composition and molecular mechanisms of the pathological arteries in Moyamoya disease (MMD) remain poorly understood. To improve our understanding of pathogenesis in MMD, we aimed to comprehensively map the cellular composition and molecular alterations within the pathological arteries of patients with MMD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Superficial temporal artery samples were collected from patients with MMD (n=2) and healthy controls (n=3), yielding a total of 26\u2009371 cells that were used for single\u2010cell RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes, pathway enrichment, and cell\u2013cell communication analyses were performed to examine disease\u2010related changes. In\u00a0vitro experiments were performed to validate the changes in endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth\u2010muscle cells (SMCs), as well as the interactions between immune cells and ECs and SMCs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We identified 8 major cell types in the human superficial temporal artery. We observed an increased proportion of SMCs in the superficial temporal artery of MMD. Two distinct SMC clusters, SMC1 and SMC2, were identified and exhibited different gene expression. Immune profiling revealed significant upregulation of genes in natural killer T cells, suggesting increased immune activity in MMD. Cell\u2013cell communication analysis highlighted the role of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor pathway in promoting interactions between immune cells, SMCs, and ECs. In\u00a0vitro experiments confirmed that the colocalization of CD74 with CD44 or CXCR4 in ECs promotes EC proliferation and angiogenesis. Natural killer T cells can promote cytoskeletal enlargement in ECs and SMCs, enhancing their migratory and proliferative capacities, as well as promoting angiogenesis in ECs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This study provides a single\u2010cell transcriptomic map of the superficial temporal artery in MMD, revealing key immune and vascular cell populations. Immune cells, particularly natural killer T cells, play a critical role in promoting SMC and EC proliferation and migration, contributing to vascular occlusion. These findings make contributions to understanding the pathogenesis of MMD and suggest potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.124.041168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T04:40:46Z","timestamp":1757133646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Single\u2010Cell Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Dynamic Cell Populations and Immune Infiltration in Moyamoya Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, 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