{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:45:13Z","timestamp":1782992713351,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The retinal microvasculature can serve as a window into the intracerebral vasculature, and an adverse retinal microvasculature is linked to neurocognitive disease and psychopathology in adults. We hypothesized that associations of retinal vessel calibers with emotional, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes may be present in school\u2010age children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This study among 3866 children was embedded in a population\u2010based cohort study from early fetal life. Retinal microvasculature measurements were obtained from retinal photographs at age 6. At ages 6, 10, and 14, total, internalizing, and externalizing problems and attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist\/6\u201318. Autism symptoms were assessed by the Social Responsiveness Scale at ages 6 and 14. Estimated full\u2010scale intelligence quotient was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2010Fifth Edition at age 14.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      A 1\u2010SD score wider retinal arteriolar caliber was associated with a \u22120.034 SD score (95% CI, \u22120.068 to \u22120.001;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;0.05) lower externalizing problems (Child Behavior Checklist) score. However, this association attenuated into nonsignificance after adjustment for maternal and childhood confounders. No associations were observed for retinal arteriolar and venular calibers and total, internalizing, and externalizing problems (Child Behavior Checklist), attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (Child Behavior Checklist), autism symptoms (Social Responsiveness Scale), and estimated full\u2010scale intelligence quotient (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2010Fifth Edition) at ages 6, 10, and 14.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">From our results, we cannot conclude that retinal vessel calibers at age 6 are associated with emotional, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes at ages 6, 10, and 14. Longitudinal studies with repeated childhood measurements are needed to further explore these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.125.041940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:13:28Z","timestamp":1771931608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retinal Microvasculature and Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Outcomes at School Age"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7565-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romy","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Sophia\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Defina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte A. M.","family":"Cecil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6658-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric A. P.","family":"Steegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sophia\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7967-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romy","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Sophia\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2939-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent W. 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