{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:57:57Z","timestamp":1792166277540,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Limited data exist on associations of immune cell subsets with longitudinal changes in subclinical coronary artery disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In the\n MESA<\/jats:styled-content>\n (Multi\u2010Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study, we used a case\u2010cohort approach to explore associations of 28 immune cell subsets measured at baseline (2000\u20132002) with longitudinal changes in coronary artery calcium (\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). We examined incident\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n from examination 2 (2002\u20132004) through examination 5 (2010\u20132012) in participants with 0\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n at baseline using multivariable\u2010adjusted Cox regression. In participants with\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n >0 at baseline, we analyzed changes in\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n through examination 5 using multivariable\u2010adjusted linear mixed models. Because no studies have investigated immune cells and longitudinal\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n changes, analyses were considered exploratory, with\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05 as the threshold for possible significance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 975 participants with immune cells subsets and\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n measurements at baseline, 378 had\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0 at baseline (mean age, 58.4; 37.0% men) and 597 had\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n >0 at baseline (mean age, 65.7; 57.6% men). Natural killer cells were associated with higher incident\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n (hazard ratio [\n HR],<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1.26 per SD higher\n natural killer<\/jats:styled-content>\n cell proportion;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.03), whereas T helper type cells were associated with lower incident\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 0.81;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.04). B cells were associated with\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n progression (\u03b2=53.1 Agatston units per\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n higher B\u2010cell proportion,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.04), whereas\n CD14<\/jats:styled-content>\n +\n CD16<\/jats:styled-content>\n + monocytes (\u03b2=\u221271.6;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.03) and T regulatory cells (\u03b2=\u221261.9;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.03) were associated with lower\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n progression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Natural killer cells may be associated with incident\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and T regulatory cells may be associated with attenuated\n CAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n progression, among other findings. These warrant replication and experimental investigation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.125.042502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T11:14:02Z","timestamp":1758280442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations of Immune Cell Subsets With Coronary Artery Calcium Incidence and Progression in the Multi\u2010Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9575-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riddhi D.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, 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