{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:46:28Z","timestamp":1793018788114,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of studies examining the association of viral infections with the risk of cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, African\u2010Wide Information, and the Cochrane Library database were searched from inception to July 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We included 155 studies. HIV infection was consistently associated with an elevated risk of CHD (pooled adjusted risk ratio [RR], 1.60 [95% CI, 1.38\u20131.85]) and stroke (RR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.26\u20131.67]). SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection was associated with an increased risk of CHD (RR, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.44\u20132.11]) and stroke (RR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.23\u20132.31]). In self\u2010controlled case series studies, laboratory\u2010confirmed influenza infection was associated with an elevated risk of acute myocardial infarction (pooled incidence rate ratio, 4.01 [95% CI, 2.66\u20136.05]) and stroke during the first 1\u2009month (incidence rate ratio, 5.01 [95% CI, 3.41\u20137.37]). In cohort studies, hepatitis C virus infection was associated with a higher risk of CHD (RR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.13\u20131.42]) and stroke (RR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.04\u20131.46]). Herpes zoster was also associated with an elevated risk of CHD (RR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.08\u20131.15]) and stroke (RR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.09\u20131.27]). There is insufficient evidence to determine the effect of cytomegalovirus on cardiovascular disease. Although on a limited basis, hepatitis A virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, respiratory syncytial virus, human papillomavirus, dengue, and chikungunya have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Influenza, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, HIV, hepatitis C virus, and herpes zoster were associated with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events. Vaccines may play an important role in preventing the risk of cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.125.042670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T15:27:03Z","timestamp":1761751623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Viral Infections and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0908-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Kawai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles","place":["Los Angeles, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cresencia Felician","family":"Muhere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2506-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elkin V.","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","place":["Houston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1902-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel M.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South 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