{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:58:28Z","timestamp":1788217108933,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Social determinants of health (SDOHs) are linked with cardiovascular health, yet timely community\u2010based atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk assessment is often limited. We examined the associations between SDOHs and ASCVD risk among adults in Baltimore.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      This cross\u2010sectional study of 4 Black faith\u2010based communities in Baltimore assessed the cardiovascular health of adults aged 40 to 79\u2009years. We estimated\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\" toggle=\"no\">ASCVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      risk using the 2013\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\" toggle=\"no\">American College of Cardiology<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\" toggle=\"no\">American Heart Association<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      pooled cohort equations\u00a0(\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\" toggle=\"no\">PCE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and dichotomized risk as high or low.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\" toggle=\"no\">SDOHs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were quantified with an 8\u2010item score drawn from the Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients\u2019 Assets, Risks, and Experiences tool. We fit linear and logistic regression models to examine the association between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\" toggle=\"no\">SDOHs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and high\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\" toggle=\"no\">ASCVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      risk after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and alcohol use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Among 118 Black adults, the mean\u00b1SD\u00a0age was 64\u00b19\u2009years, with 85% women. Overall, the mean ASCVD risk score was 13.1%, and the median (interquartile range) was 10.2% (5.0%\u201319.0%). The majority (63%) had high ASCVD risk ( \u22657.5%). About 84% of participants reported \u22651 unfavorable SDOHs. In the fully adjusted model, low income, unemployment, having no primary care provider, and having \u22651 unfavorable SDOHs were associated with high ASCVD risk. We also observed significantly higher odds of ASCVD among individuals with 2 unfavorable SDOHs compared with those with none.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We found associations between lower income, unemployment, and multiple unfavorable SDOHs with greater ASCVD risk. Our findings suggest the need for socioeconomic policies to improve cardiovascular health, particularly among Black individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.125.043119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T12:30:14Z","timestamp":1760445014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social Determinants of Health Correlates and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Adults in Baltimore: The EngAGE With Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4417-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hinneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faith Elise","family":"Metlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4683-9066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebenezer Kobbie","family":"Aryee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1813-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwabunmi","family":"Ogungbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3037-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":", MBChB","given":"Patricia","family":"Akyeampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4153-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice A.","family":"Dugbartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Shapcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Coalition on Aging","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paramroup Kaur","family":"Thind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Coalition on Aging","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Coalition on Aging","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5114-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Impact of Responsible Innovators","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terris","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Enterprises","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5054-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Commodore\u2010Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.45964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Social Determinants of Health\u2014Healthy People 2030. 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