{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:03:42Z","timestamp":1789715022849,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Although dietary pulses are recognized by major clinical practice guidelines to reduce cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk, intake is low. There are no health claims for any pulse for cholesterol reduction, which could support uptake. We therefore conducted a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta\u2010analysis of randomized trials of the effect of different types of whole dietary pulses on lipid targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched through March 2025 for trials \u22653\u2009weeks. The primary outcome was low\u2010density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol. Secondary outcomes were other lipid targets. Independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Thirty\u2010eight trials (52 trial comparisons, n=2095) with a median of 6\u2009weeks and dose of 130\u2009g\/d (0.5\u20130.67\u2009cup\/d) showed that whole dietary pulses decreased low\u2010density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol (mean difference, \u22120.14\u2009mmol\/L [95% CI, \u22120.19 to \u22120.08]), non\u2010high\u2010density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol (\u22120.22\u2009mmol\/L [95% CI, \u22120.30 to \u22120.14]), apoB (apolipoprotein B) (\u22120.08\u2009g\/L [95% CI, \u22120.13 to \u22120.03]) and high\u2010density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol (\u22120.03\u2009mmol\/L [95% CI, \u22120.05 to \u22120.01]) with no effects on other lipids. Analyses by pulse type showed similar results. A linear inverse relationship was shown for beans up to 1\u2009cup\/d for low\u2010density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol (coefficient, \u22120.25\u2009mmol\/L\/0.5\u2009cup [95% CI, \u22120.48 to \u22120.02]) and non\u2010high\u2010density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol (\u22120.45\u2009mmol\/L\/0.5\u2009cup [95% CI, \u22120.71 to \u22120.18]). Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was moderate\u2010to\u2010high for all outcomes, except apoB (very low).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Whole dietary pulses likely result in small important\u2010to\u2010moderate reductions in lipid targets and trivial reductions in high\u2010density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol. Similar effects were observed across pulse types with an inverse dose\u2013response gradient for beans up to 1\u2009cup\/d. Future studies on chickpeas, dried peas, and lentils are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      URL:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42023432826\">https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42023432826<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; Unique identifier: CRD42023432826.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.125.046659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:13:02Z","timestamp":1778757182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Different Types of Whole Dietary Pulses on Established Therapeutic Lipid Targets for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: An Updated Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta\u2010Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Songhee","family":"Back","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6791-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7087-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Ayoub\u2010Charette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannan M.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Saint Vincent University","place":["Halifax, Canada"]},{"name":"Dalhousie University","place":["Halifax, Canada"]},{"name":"IWK Health Centre","place":["Halifax, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9832-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5038-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3384-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Haintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Graz","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9851-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue\u2010Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0281-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmirah","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6483-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Gahagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Saint Vincent University","place":["Halifax, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher P. 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