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We investigated the extent to which early life socioeconomic position is associated with cardiovascular health in children and adolescents, and the extent of mediation by body mass index.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We analyzed 5 longitudinal birth cohorts: BIS (the Barwon Infant Study; Australia; mean age 4.1\u2009years; n=708); BiB (Born in Bradford; United Kingdom; mean age 9.3\u2009years; n=4576); LSAC\u2010CP (the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children's Child Health CheckPoint; Australia; mean age 12.0\u2009years; n=1874); NFBC1986 (the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986; Finland; mean age 16.0\u2009years; n=9467); and ALSPAC (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; United Kingdom; mean age 17.8\u2009years; n=4875). Exposures were neighborhood disadvantage, household socioeconomic position, and maternal education (in pregnancy\/at birth). Outcomes were carotid intima\u2010media thickness, pulse\u2010wave velocity, blood pressure, and lipids (in childhood\/adolescence).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      From age 12\u2009years, children with lower socioeconomic position had worse cardiovascular health, adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity. For example, LSAC\u2010CP 12\u2010year\u2010olds in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher pulse\u2010wave velocity (\u03b2=0.1 m\/s [95% CI, 0.03\u20130.2 m\/s];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.003) than those in the most advantaged, and NFBC1986 16\u2010year\u2010olds whose mothers had the lowest education levels had higher triglycerides (\u03b2=0.07\u2009mmol\/L [95% CI, 0.0\u20130.1\u2009mmol\/L];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"no\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.04) than those whose mothers had the highest education levels. Hypothetically intervening on body mass index would reduce 12% to 100% of some cardiovascular health differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Associations between lower socioeconomic position and worse cardiovascular health are apparent from midchildhood. Prevention efforts should address intermediate mechanisms and upstream neighborhood, household, and maternal factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.125.047846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:14:23Z","timestamp":1787829263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Socioeconomic Position in Early Life and Childhood Cardiovascular Health Measures: An International Cross\u2010Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2223-2323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavindi","family":"Gamage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0262-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"P\u00e4tsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu","place":["Linnanmaa, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4231-1643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of York","place":["York, UK"]},{"name":"Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary","place":["Bradford, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6681-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Sebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu","place":["Linnanmaa, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2246-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Australian National University","place":["Canberra, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toby","family":"Mansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Burgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Barwon Infant Study Investigator Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0917-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0828-282x(08)70570-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0226rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.610268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.36.2.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb12971.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics . 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