{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:33:25Z","timestamp":1787160805543,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Maternal autoimmune diseases (ADs) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet their specific impact on offspring structural congenital heart disease (CHD) remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of structural CHD in children born to mothers with various ADs using a nationwide population\u2010based database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study using the Maternal and Child Health Database in Taiwan (2004\u20132019), a comprehensive data set linking the National Health Insurance Research Database with birth registries. We identified 4708 live births from mothers with ADs and matched them 1:2 with 9416 control births. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for structural CHD, adjusting for maternal age, comorbidities, and pregnancy\u2010related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Offspring of mothers with ADs had a significantly higher risk of CHD compared with the control group (aHR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.24\u20131.85]). Specific maternal ADs significantly associated with offspring CHD included systemic lupus erythematosus (aHR, 2.01 [95% CI, 1.55\u20132.60]) and Sj\u00f6gren syndrome (aHR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.10\u20131.96]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Maternal ADs are independent risk factors for offspring structural CHD. These findings underscore the importance of multidisciplinary counseling and specialized fetal echocardiographic screening for pregnant women with ADs to ensure early detection and management of potential cardiac defects in their offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>REGISTRATION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      URL:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; Unique identifier: CS19009.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2057-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Hsiu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-3657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei\u2010Lun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Cheng\u2010Chung","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical 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