{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:24:43Z","timestamp":1785468283189,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background and Purpose\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Early brain injury is proposed to be the primary cause of the poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is closely related to the neural apoptosis. To date, the relationship between peroxisome proliferator\u2013activated receptor \u03b2\/\u03b4 (PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4) and nuclear factor-\u03baB\/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (NF-\u03baB\/MMP-9) pathway, both of which are closely related to apoptotic effects, has been poorly studied in SAH. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 on early brain injury and NF-\u03baB\/MMP-9 pathway after SAH in rats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>SAH model was established by injecting nonheparinized autologous arterial blood into the prechiasmatic cistern in male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. Adenoviruses or small interfering RNAs were injected into the right lateral cerebral ventricle to, respectively, up- or downregulate PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 expression before SAH. All animals were assessed with a neurological score and then killed at 24 hours after SAH surgery. The indexes of brain water content, blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, and apoptosis were used to detect brain injury. The expression of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4, NF-\u03baB, and MMP-9 were measured by immunohistochemistry, gelatin zymography, and Western Blot methods, respectively. In addition, GW0742, a specific agonist of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4, was used to treat SAH in rats, the effects of which were evaluated by neurological scoring and Evans blue extravasation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overexpression of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 by adenoviruses treatment significantly ameliorated brain injury with improvement in neurological deficits, brain edema, blood\u2013brain barrier impairment, and neural cell apoptosis at 24 hours after SAH in rats, whereas downregulation of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 by small interfering RNAs administration resulted in the reverse effects of the above. The expression levels of NF-\u03baB and MMP-9 were markedly downregulated when PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 increased after PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 adenovirus transfection and upregulated when PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 decreased by PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 small interfering RNAs treatment. Moreover, GW0742 improved neurological deficits and reduced Evans blue extravasation at 24 hours after SAH.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4\u2019s overexpression may attenuate early brain injury after rats\u2019 SAH administration, which reduces neural apoptosis possibly through blocking NF-\u03baB\/MMP-9 pathway.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.115.011701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T04:23:37Z","timestamp":1449030217000},"page":"196-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Peroxisome Proliferator\u2013Activated Receptor \u03b2\/\u03b4 Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenni","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongjie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongduo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.6.1086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.7.1342"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.533315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01371.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.165605"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/016164109X12478302362491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-009-0192-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2092-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.176230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-04-01517.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.4.0680"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.4.627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007722"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.08.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.056010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.115758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000141162.29864.e9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Membrane lipids in the pathogenesis of brain edema: phospholipids and arachidonic acid, the earliest membrane components changed at the onset of ischemia.","volume":"28","author":"Baz\u00e1n NG","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baz\u00e1n NG, Rodr\u00edguez de Turco EB. 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