{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:00:24Z","timestamp":1787950824630,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background and Purpose\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The burden of stroke is high in sub-Saharan Africa, and improved knowledge of risk factors is needed. Antiphospholipid antibodies are a common acquired stroke risk factor in young individuals. Antiphospholipid antibodies may be induced by infectious diseases. Sub-Saharan Africa has a high infectious burden, and we analyzed the contribution of antiphospholipid antibodies to the risk of stroke in an incident population from rural and urban Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Stroke cases and age- and sex-matched community-acquired controls from the rural Hai district and urban Dar-es-Salaam areas of Tanzania were recruited in a wider study of stroke incidence between June 2003 and June 2006. Lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, anti-\u03b22-glycoprotein I, and antiphosphatidylserine\/prothrombin antibodies were determined in stored plasma, as well as IgG antibodies against\n              <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Data from 158 stroke cases and 369 controls were analyzed. Thirty cases (19%) and 4 controls (1%) had a lupus anticoagulant (odds ratio, 20.8; 95% confidence interval, 7.2\u201360.5). Anticardiolipin IgG was the only other antiphospholipid antibody subtype associated with increased stroke risk (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.0\u20134.3), but this association disappeared when corrected for IgG antibodies against\n              <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n              results. The prevalence of anti-\u03b22-glycoprotein I IgG antibodies in the Tanzanian healthy population was high when Dutch cutoff values were applied (67%), whereas presence of anti-\u03b22-glycoprotein I IgM was associated with a reduced stroke risk (odds ratio 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1\u20131.1).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The presence of lupus anticoagulant is a strong, and to date unrecognized, risk factor for stroke in Tanzania, especially in young and middle-aged individuals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.116.013760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,14]],"date-time":"2016-09-14T02:49:40Z","timestamp":1473821380000},"page":"2589-2595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antiphospholipid Antibodies and the Risk of Stroke in Urban and Rural Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Quirijn","family":"de Mast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Molhoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 J.","family":"van der Ven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip G.","family":"de Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Jusabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Mugusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf T.","family":"Urbanus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61953-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70144-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60834-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70068-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205663"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-378646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.4511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70239-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1646476"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315604040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"462","article-title":"Inflammation in patients with lupus anticoagulant and implications for thrombosis.","volume":"32","author":"Sailer T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sailer T, Vormittag R, Pabinger I, Vukovich T, Lehr S, Quehenberger P, et al.. 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