{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:52:00Z","timestamp":1777639920618,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background and Purpose\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We assessed the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet agents after noncardioembolic stroke or transient ischemic attack and examined how these vary according to patients\u2019 demographic and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We did a network meta-analysis (NMA) of data from 6 randomized trials of the effects of commonly prescribed antiplatelet agents in the long-term (\u22653 months) secondary prevention of noncardioembolic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Individual patient data from 43\u2009112 patients were pooled and reanalyzed. Main outcomes were serious vascular events (nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or vascular death), major bleeding, and net clinical benefit (serious vascular event or major bleeding). Subgroup analyses were done according to age, sex, ethnicity, hypertension, qualifying diagnosis, type of vessel involved (large versus small vessel disease), and time from qualifying event to randomization.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Aspirin\/dipyridamole combination (RR\n              <jats:sub>NMA-adj<\/jats:sub>\n              , 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74\u20130.94) significantly reduced the risk of vascular events compared with aspirin, as did clopidogrel (RR\n              <jats:sub>NMA-adj<\/jats:sub>\n              , 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78\u20130.98), and aspirin\/clopidogrel combination (RR\n              <jats:sub>NMA-adj<\/jats:sub>\n              , 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71\u20130.96). Clopidogrel caused significantly less major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage than aspirin, aspirin\/dipyridamole combination, and aspirin\/clopidogrel combination. Aspirin\/clopidogrel combination caused significantly more major bleeding than aspirin, aspirin\/dipyridamole combination, and clopidogrel. Net clinical benefit was similar for clopidogrel and aspirin\/dipyridamole combination (RR\n              <jats:sub>NMA-adj<\/jats:sub>\n              , 0.99; 95% CI, 0.93\u20131.05). Subgroup analyses showed no heterogeneity of treatment effectiveness across prespecified subgroups. The excess risk of major bleeding associated with aspirin\/clopidogrel combination compared with clopidogrel alone was higher in patients aged &lt;65 years than it was in patients \u226565 years (RR\n              <jats:sub>NMA-adj<\/jats:sub>\n              , 3.9 versus 1.7).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Results favor clopidogrel and aspirin\/dipyridamole combination for long-term secondary prevention after noncardioembolic stroke or transient ischemic attack, regardless of patient characteristics. Aspirin\/clopidogrel combination was associated with a significantly higher risk of major bleeding compared with other antiplatelet regimens.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.118.024497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T09:01:18Z","timestamp":1560157278000},"page":"1812-1818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Antiplatelet Therapy After Noncardioembolic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jacoba P.","family":"Greving","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.P.G., J.B.R., A.A.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Diener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes B.","family":"Reitsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.P.G., J.B.R., A.A.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Bath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (P.M.B.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Csiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary (L.C.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Hacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (W.H.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. Jaap","family":"Kappelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.J.K., A.A.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Koudstaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (P.J.K.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Leys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France (D.L.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, H\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, France (J.-L.M.)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph L.","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ale","family":"Algra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.P.G., J.B.R., A.A.)"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.J.K., A.A.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the Cerebrovascular Antiplatelet Trialists\u2019 Collaborative Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000190118.02275.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152985.32732.EE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70274-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70236-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60503-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000131083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0806806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462308080471"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60138-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.580985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09457-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16721-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68734-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00308-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30770-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jscd.2000.7216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70094-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70198-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-7-201310010-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8662"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800410"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","first-page":"183","article-title":"CYP2C19 polymorphism and antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel in Chinese stroke patients.","volume":"68","author":"Yang J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, J, Zhao, HD, Tan, J, Ding, YL, Gu, ZQ, Zou, JJ. 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