{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:42:34Z","timestamp":1793173354242,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Purpose\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent findings suggest that vitamin D, a neuroprotective prohormone, is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, previous studies investigating the association between vitamin D and stroke have shown inconsistent findings. In view of these discrepancies, we determined the association of vitamin D status with stroke using data from a population-based study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the RS (Rotterdam Study), an ongoing prospective population-based study, we measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations between 1997 and 2008 in 9680 participants (56.8% women) aged \u226545 years. We assessed a history of stroke at baseline and subsequently followed for incident stroke until January 1, 2016. Regression models were used to investigate the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with prevalent and incident stroke separately, adjusted for age, sex, study cohort, season of blood sampling, and other cardiovascular risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 9680 participants, 339 had a history of stroke at baseline. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was associated with prevalent stroke, adjusted odds ratio per SD decrease, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.14\u20131.51. After excluding participants with prevalent stroke, we followed 9338 participants for a total of 98\u2009529 person-years. During follow-up, 735 participants developed a stroke. Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was not associated with a higher stroke risk, adjusted hazard ratio per SD decrease, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.97\u20131.16. However, severe vitamin D deficiency did show a significant association: hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05\u20131.50.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this population-based cohort, we found an association between vitamin D and prevalent stroke. Only severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with incident stroke. This suggests that lower vitamin D levels do not lead to a higher stroke risk but are instead a consequence of stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.119.025449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T05:00:24Z","timestamp":1565240424000},"page":"2293-2298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Vitamin D Status and Risk of Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Berghout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Epidemiology (B.P.B., L.F., A.H., M.A.I., M.K.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Fani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Epidemiology (B.P.B., L.F., A.H., M.A.I., M.K.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alis","family":"Heshmatollah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Epidemiology (B.P.B., L.F., A.H., M.A.I., M.K.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."},{"name":"Department of Neurology (A.H., P.J.K., M.K.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Koudstaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology (A.H., P.J.K., M.K.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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