{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:52:46Z","timestamp":1791726766737,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to determine the association between beta-blocker or statin drug use and the future risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage or persistent\/progressive focal neurological deficit from cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The population-based Scottish Audit of Intracranial Vascular Malformations prospectively identified adults resident in Scotland first diagnosed with CCM during 1999 to 2003 or 2006 to 2010. We compared the association between beta-blocker or statin drug use after first presentation and the occurrence of new intracranial hemorrhage or persistent\/progressive focal neurological deficit due to CCM for up to 15 years of prospective follow-up. We confirmed proportional hazards and used survival analysis with multivariable adjustment for age, intracranial hemorrhage at CCM presentation, and brain stem CCM location.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-three (21%) of 300 adults used beta-blockers (27\/63 [43%] used propranolol), and 73 (24%) used statin drugs over 3634 person-years of follow-up. At baseline, the only statistically significant imbalances in prespecified potential confounders were age by statin use and intracranial hemorrhage at presentation by beta-blocker use. Beta-blocker use was associated with a lower risk of new intracranial hemorrhage or persistent\/progressive focal neurological deficit (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.09 [95% CI, 0.01\u20130.66];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.018). Statin use was associated with a nonsignificant lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage or persistent\/progressive focal neurological deficit (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.01\u20131.07];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.067).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beta-blocker, but not statin, use was associated with a lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage or persistent\/progressive focal neurological deficit in patients with CCM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.121.037009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T05:00:20Z","timestamp":1649739620000},"page":"2521-2527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Association Between Beta-Blocker or Statin Drug Use and the Risk of Hemorrhage From Cerebral Cavernous Malformations"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-9043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanna M.","family":"Zuurbier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.M.Z., L.A.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3228-1479","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlotte R.","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Medical School, College of 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U.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2108-9222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rustam","family":"Al-Shahi Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (R.A.-S.S.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Scottish Audit of Intracranial Vascular Malformations Steering Committee and 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