{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:23:05Z","timestamp":1792639385648,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to examine whether robotic self-training improved upper-extremity function versus conventional self-training in mild-to-moderate hemiplegic chronic stroke patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study design was a multi-center, prospective, randomized, parallel-group study comparing three therapist-guided interventions (1-hour sessions, 3\u00d7\/wk, 10 weeks). We identified 161 prospective patients with chronic, poststroke, upper-limb hemiplegia treated at participating rehabilitation centers. Patients were enrolled between November 29, 2016, and November 12, 2018 in Japan. A blinded web-based allocation system was used to randomly assign 129 qualifying patients into 3 groups: (1) conventional self-training plus conventional therapy (control, N=42); (2) robotic self-training (ReoGo-J) plus conventional therapy (robotic therapy [RT], N=44); or (3) robotic self-training plus constraint-induced movement therapy (N=43). Primary outcome: Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper-extremity. Secondary outcomes: Motor Activity Log-14 amount of use and quality of movement; Fugl-Meyer Assessment shoulder\/elbow\/forearm, wrist, finger, and coordination scores; Action Research Arm Test Score; Motricity Index; Modified Ashworth Scale; shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and finger range of motion; and Stroke Impact Scale (the assessors were blinded). Safety outcomes were adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Safety was assessed in 127 patients. An intention-to-treat full analysis set (N=121), and a per-protocol set (N=115) of patients who attended 80% of sessions were assessed. One severe adverse event was recorded, unrelated to the robotic device. No significant differences in Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper-extremity scores were observed between groups (RT versus control: \u22121.04 [95% CI, \u22122.79 to 0.71],<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.40; RT versus movement therapy: \u22120.33 [95% CI, \u22122.02 to 1.36],<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.90). The RT in the per-protocol set improved significantly in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper-extremity shoulder\/elbow\/forearm score (RT versus control: \u22121.46 [95% CI, \u22122.63 to \u22120.29];<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.037).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Robotic self-training did not improve upper-limb function versus usual self-training, but may be effective combined with conventional therapy in some populations (per-protocol set).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Registration:<\/jats:title><jats:p>URL:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.umin.ac.jp\/ctr\">https:\/\/www.umin.ac.jp\/ctr<\/jats:ext-link>; Unique identifier: UMIN000022509.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.121.037260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T09:00:15Z","timestamp":1648544415000},"page":"2182-2191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Robot-Assisted Training as Self-Training for Upper-Limb Hemiplegia in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7130-5528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takashi","family":"Takebayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan (T.T.)."},{"name":"Now with: Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan 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Tsukuba."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4824-7152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization (M.S., K.H.), University of Tsukuba."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-6456","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Koichi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization (M.S., K.H.), University of Tsukuba."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3848-7320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenji","family":"Hachisuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moji Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan 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