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In this review, we propose a hierarchical organization of this disorder, in which a distinction can be made between several visuomotor pathways that lead to purposeful actions. Based on this, executive apraxias (such as limb kinetic apraxia) cause deficits in executing fine motor hand skills, and intermediate apraxias (such as optic ataxia and tactile apraxia) cause deficits in reaching to grasp and manipulating objects in space. These disorders usually affect the contralesional limb. A further set of disorders collectively known as limb apraxias include deficits in gesture imitation, pantomime, gesture recognition, and object use. These are due to deficits in integrating perceptual and semantic information to generate complex movements. Limb apraxias are usually caused by left-hemisphere lesions in right-handed stroke patients, affecting both limbs. An anterior- to posterior-axis of brain areas are disrupted depending on the increasing involvement of perceptual and semantic processes with each condition. Lower-level executive apraxias are linked to lesions in the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia, while intermediate apraxias are linked to lesions in dorso-dorsal subdivisions of the dorsal fronto-parietal networks. Limb apraxias can be caused by lesions in both dorsal and ventral subdivisions including the ventro-dorsal stream and a third visuomotor pathway, involved in body schema and social cognition. Rehabilitation of these disorders with behavioral therapies has aimed to either restore perceptuo-semantic deficits or compensate to overcome these deficits. Further studies are required to better stratify patients, using modern neurophysiology and neuroimaging techniques, to provide targeted and personalized therapies for these disorders in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.122.037948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T10:48:02Z","timestamp":1671619682000},"page":"30-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Limb Apraxias: The Influence of Higher Order Perceptual and Semantic Deficits in Motor Recovery After Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1375-1001","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Rounis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, United Kingdom (E.R.)."},{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.R.)."},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (E.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6750-943X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Binkofski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany (F.B.)."},{"name":"Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Juelich GmbH, Germany (F.B.)."},{"name":"Juelich Aachen Research Alliance \u2013 JARA, Germany (F.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197717075080","article-title":"Acquiring and maintaining self-care skills after stroke. 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