{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:24:31Z","timestamp":1792589071007,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is inversely related to white matter hyperintensity severity, a marker of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Less is known about the relationship between CVR and other SVD imaging features or cognition. We aimed to investigate these cross-sectional relationships.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Between 2018 and 2021 in Edinburgh, we recruited patients presenting with lacunar or cortical ischemic stroke, whom we characterized for SVD features. We measured CVR in subcortical gray matter, normal-appearing white matter, and white matter hyperintensity using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed cognition using Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Statistical analyses included linear regression models with CVR as outcome, adjusted for age, sex, and vascular risk factors. We reported regression coefficients with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of 208 patients, 182 had processable CVR data sets (median age, 68.2 years; 68% men). Although the strength of association depended on tissue type, lower CVR in normal-appearing tissues and white matter hyperintensity was associated with larger white matter hyperintensity volume (B<jats:sub>NAWM<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.0073 [95% CI, \u22120.0133 to \u22120.0014] %\/mm\u2009Hg per 10-fold increase in percentage intracranial volume), more lacunes (B<jats:sub>NAWM<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.00129 [95% CI, \u22120.00215 to \u22120.00043] %\/mm\u2009Hg per lacune), more microbleeds (B<jats:sub>NAWM<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.00083 [95% CI, \u22120.00130 to \u22120.00036] %\/mm\u2009Hg per microbleed), higher deep atrophy score (B<jats:sub>NAWM<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.00218 [95% CI, \u22120.00417 to \u22120.00020] %\/mm\u2009Hg per score point increase), higher perivascular space score (B<jats:sub>NAWM<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.0034 [95% CI, \u22120.0066 to \u22120.0002] %\/mm\u2009Hg per score point increase in basal ganglia), and higher SVD score (B<jats:sub>NAWM<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.0048 [95% CI, \u22120.0075 to \u22120.0021] %\/mm\u2009Hg per score point increase). Lower CVR in normal-appearing tissues was related to lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment without reaching convention statistical significance (B<jats:sub>NAWM<\/jats:sub>=0.00065 [95% CI, \u22120.00007 to 0.00137] %\/mm\u2009Hg per score point increase).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Lower CVR in patients with SVD was related to more severe SVD burden and worse cognition in this cross-sectional analysis. Longitudinal analysis will help determine whether lower CVR predicts worsening SVD severity or vice versa.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>REGISTRATION:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>URL: https:\/\/www.isrctn.com; Unique identifier: ISRCTN12113543.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.123.042656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T10:33:12Z","timestamp":1696933992000},"page":"2776-2784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Patients With Small Vessel Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0034-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Sleight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Una","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2424-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Arteaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jaime Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Hewins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela C.C.","family":"Jochems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia K.L.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alasdair G.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Locherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-9811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu (Y.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong (X.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-4789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (J.Z.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iona","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility RIE (I.H., C.J., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Jardine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility RIE (I.H., C.J., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7688-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalind","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Sakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agniete","family":"Kampaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6739-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stewart","family":"Wiseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2771-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7742-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca M.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus N.","family":"Doubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7858-9917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Thrippleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility RIE (I.H., C.J., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna M.","family":"Wardlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute (E. Sleight, M.S.S., U.C., C.A., D.J.G., W.H., A.C.C.J., O.K.L.H., C.M., A.G.M., R.L., Y.C., X.L., J.Z., R.B., E. Sakka, A.K., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.M.C., F.N.D., I.M., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility RIE (I.H., C.J., M.J.T., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1298","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007142","article-title":"WMH and long-term outcomes in ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"92","author":"Georgakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R2-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.222","article-title":"Vascular dysfunction\u2014the disregarded partner of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"15","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"R3-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia.","volume":"42","author":"Gorelick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R4-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration.","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R5-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12466","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment and prevention of cerebral small vessel disease: a review of potential interventions.","volume":"10","author":"Bath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R6-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30079-1","article-title":"Small vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications.","volume":"18","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R7-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017730740","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity measurement in cerebral small vessel disease: rationale and reproducibility of a protocol for MRI acquisition and image processing.","volume":"13","author":"Thrippleton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R8-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2258","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009483","article-title":"Intracranial hemodynamic relationships in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.","volume":"94","author":"Blair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R9-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643468","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.643468","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity measurement using magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review.","volume":"12","author":"Sleight","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R10-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644837","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.644837","article-title":"A comparison of CVR magnitude and delay assessed at 15 and 3T in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.","volume":"12","author":"Stringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R11-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4064","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4064","article-title":"BOLD-based cerebrovascular reactivity vascular transfer function isolates amplitude and timing responses to better characterize cerebral small vessel disease.","volume":"32","author":"Atwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"R12-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4888","article-title":"Vascular dysfunction in leukoaraiosis.","volume":"37","author":"Sam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R13-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.059","article-title":"Microbleeds, lacunar infarcts, white matter lesions and cerebrovascular reactivity - a 7T study.","volume":"59","author":"Hoogduin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R14-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"335","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R15-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987320929617","article-title":"Rationale and design of a longitudinal study of cerebral small vessel diseases, clinical and imaging outcomes in patients presenting with mild ischaemic stroke: Mild Stroke Study 3.","volume":"6","author":"Clancy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"R17-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.5.604","article-title":"Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients.","volume":"19","author":"van Swieten","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R18-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070233","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1070233","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity measurements using 3T BOLD MRI and a fixed inhaled CO2 gas challenge: repeatability and impact of processing strategy.","volume":"14","author":"Sleight","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R19-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000375153","article-title":"Cerebral perivascular spaces visible on magnetic resonance imaging: development of a qualitative rating scale and its observer reliability.","volume":"39","author":"Potter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R20-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1119-2","article-title":"Development and initial testing of normal reference MR images for the brain at ages 65-70 and 75-80 years.","volume":"19","author":"Farrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"R21-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000837","article-title":"Stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and total MRI brain small-vessel disease burden.","volume":"83","author":"Staals","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R22-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images.","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"R23-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","article-title":"Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images.","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R24-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1718-6","article-title":"New multispectral MRI data fusion technique for white matter lesion segmentation: method and comparison with thresholding in FLAIR images.","volume":"20","author":"Vald\u00e9s Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"R25-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19781-5","article-title":"Perivascular spaces segmentation in brain MRI using optimal 3D filtering.","volume":"8","author":"Ballerini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R26-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102120","article-title":"Computational quantification of brain perivascular space morphologies: associations with vascular risk factors and white matter hyperintensities a study in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936.","volume":"25","author":"Ballerini","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"R27-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain.","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R28-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016","article-title":"Sequence-independent segmentation of magnetic resonance images.","volume":"23","author":"Fischl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R29-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424","article-title":"Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm.","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"R30-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004490","article-title":"Nonlinear temporal dynamics of cerebral small vessel disease: the RUN DMC study.","volume":"89","author":"van Leijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R31-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24712","article-title":"Development of white matter hyperintensity is preceded by reduced cerebrovascular reactivity.","volume":"80","author":"Sam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R32-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22209","article-title":"In vivo vascular hallmarks of diffuse leukoaraiosis.","volume":"32","author":"Uh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"R33-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003373","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity and white matter integrity.","volume":"87","author":"Sam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R34-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.05.008","article-title":"Impaired dynamic cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia predicts development of white matter hyperintensities.","volume":"11","author":"Sam","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"R35-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.02.005","article-title":"Forebrain-dominant deficit in cerebrovascular reactivity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"33","author":"Yezhuvath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"R36-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology.","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R37-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119746","article-title":"Older adults with perivascular spaces exhibit cerebrovascular reactivity deficits.","volume":"264","author":"Kapoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R38-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18803956","article-title":"Small vessel disease is associated with altered cerebrovascular pulsatility but not resting cerebral blood flow.","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R39-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy113","article-title":"Understanding the role of the perivascular space in cerebral small vessel disease.","volume":"114","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R40-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.070","article-title":"Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity to CO2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease using BOLD fMRI.","volume":"58","author":"Cantin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R41-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756887","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.756887","article-title":"Sex differences in cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R42-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8","article-title":"Trail making test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education.","volume":"19","author":"Tombaugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"}],"container-title":["Stroke"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.042656","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T16:01:42Z","timestamp":1744300902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.042656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.123.042656","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-2499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-2499","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-19","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}