{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:53:56Z","timestamp":1793120036836,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Exposure to radon has been linked to lung cancer and other lung diseases. Although biologically plausible, research of residential radon exposure in relation to stroke risk is scarce.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Study participants were from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) cohort (n=30\u2009239), which consisted of male and female non-Hispanic Black and White adults aged 45 and older. After excluding participants with baseline stroke and transient ischemic attack, and missing information on exposure and outcome of interest, the final sample size was 26\u2009950. The primary outcome was time to the first ischemic stroke through September 30, 2020. County-level radon measures from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory were linked to each participant based on their geocoded residential history. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models with a time-dependent exposure to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the association.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              After controlling for potential confounding factors including demographic, lifestyle, clinical variables, and PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              , radon exposure was significantly associated with incident ischemic stroke among never-smokers (hazard ratio, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.01\u20131.90]) but not ever-smokers. The results were generally consistent in the sensitivity analysis when using radon measures from state\/Environmental Protection Agency residential radon survey.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Findings from this study suggest that the association between residential radon exposure and incidence of ischemic stroke varies by smoking status and may be prominent in never-smokers. Further studies incorporating indoor-radon measures are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.123.043648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T09:00:32Z","timestamp":1697533232000},"page":"2737-2744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Smoking Modifies the Association Between Radon Exposure and Incident Ischemic Stroke: The REGARDS Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6638-2641","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yijia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Z., Q.Y., M.A., L.L., R.W.F., K.K.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (Y.Z., M.A., L.L., K.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-9673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Z., Q.Y., M.A., L.L., R.W.F., K.K.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Angley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Z., Q.Y., M.A., L.L., R.W.F., K.K.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (Y.Z., M.A., L.L., K.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5110-1923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Z., Q.Y., M.A., L.L., R.W.F., K.K.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (Y.Z., M.A., L.L., K.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7108-8906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eliza C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Division of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (E.C.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-6587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.E.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. William","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Z., Q.Y., M.A., L.L., R.W.F., K.K.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York."},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (R.W.F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5078-2010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ka","family":"Kahe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.Z., Q.Y., M.A., L.L., R.W.F., K.K.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (Y.Z., M.A., L.L., K.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200207000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Who Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective","author":"World health organization","year":"2009","unstructured":"World health organization. Who Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Environmental protection agency. Health Risk of Radon. Accessed April 26 2022. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radon\/health-risk-radon"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20241-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112980"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.145.suppl_1.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0368"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000086678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.28.5.936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult Tobacco Use Information. Accessed July 13 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhis\/tobacco\/tobacco_glossary.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM. Accessed March 13 2023. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pm-pollution\/national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-pm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.20.10.1407"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02034901","article-title":"Two epa approaches to radon surveys.","volume":"161","author":"Phillips J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Phillips, J, Marcinowski, F, Maconaughey, K. Two epa approaches to radon surveys. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 1992;161:273\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02034901","journal-title":"J Radioanal Nucl Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"305","article-title":"Analysis of local decisions using hierarchical modeling, applied to home radon measurement and remediation.","volume":"14","author":"Lin C-y","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lin, C-y, Gelman, A, Price, PN, Krantz, DH. Analysis of local decisions using hierarchical modeling, applied to home radon measurement and remediation. Stat Sci. 1999;14:305\u2013328.","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199310000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Dynamics of radioactive chemically inert gases in the human body.","volume":"22","author":"Peterman B","year":"1988","unstructured":"Peterman, B, Perkins, C. Dynamics of radioactive chemically inert gases in the human body. Radiati Prot Dosim. 1988;22:5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080081","journal-title":"Radiati Prot Dosim"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-009-0250-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140714024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200107000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/860103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-1153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00058211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","unstructured":"Price PN Gelman A. Should you measure the radon concentration in your home? Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown. Florence KY: Cengage Learning; 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54891-8"}],"container-title":["Stroke"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T13:13:50Z","timestamp":1749042830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.123.043648","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-2499","1524-4628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-2499","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-12","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}