{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:49:53Z","timestamp":1772160593272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are associated with increased risk of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque and stroke. We examined associations of HIV- and HCV-related factors with echomorphologic features of carotid artery plaque.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included participants from the MACS (Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study)\/WIHS (Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study) Combined Cohort Study who underwent high-resolution B-mode carotid artery ultrasound. Plaques were characterized from 6 areas of the right carotid artery. Poisson regression controlling for demographic and cardiometabolic risk factors determined adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs for associations of HIV- and HCV-related factors with echomorphologic features.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Of 2655 participants (65% women, median age 44 [interquartile range, 37\u201350] years), 1845 (70%) were living with HIV, 600 (23%) were living with HCV, and 425 (16%) had carotid plaque. There were 191 plaques identified in 129 (11%) women with HIV, 51 plaques in 32 (7%) women without HIV, 248 plaques in 171 (28%) men with HIV, and 139 plaques in 93 (29%) men without HIV. Adjusted analyses showed that people with HIV and current CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              count &lt;200 cells\/\u00b5L had a significantly higher prevalence of predominantly echolucent plaque (aPR, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.08\u20133.21]) than those without HIV. HCV infection alone (aPR, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.08\u20133.19]) and HIV-HCV coinfection (aPR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.10\u20132.78]) were each associated with higher prevalence of predominantly echogenic plaque. HIV-HCV coinfection was also associated with higher prevalence of smooth surface plaque (aPR, 2.75 [95% CI, 1.03\u20137.32]) compared with people without HIV and HCV.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>HIV with poor immunologic control, as well as HCV infection, either alone or in the presence of HIV, were associated with different echomorphologic phenotypes of carotid artery plaque.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.123.043922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T05:00:22Z","timestamp":1707454822000},"page":"651-659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of HIV and HCV Infection With Carotid Artery Plaque Echomorphology in the MACS\/WIHS Combined Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7561-052X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudio A.","family":"Bravo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.A.B.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-8335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jee-Young","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health (J.-Y.M., R.C.K., K.A., D.B.H.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Davy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.J.R., K.D.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1571-4615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert C.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health (J.-Y.M., R.C.K., K.A., D.B.H.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY."},{"name":"Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (R.C.K.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0769-6405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Anastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health (J.-Y.M., R.C.K., K.A., D.B.H.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY."},{"name":"Department of Medicine (K.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0860-9008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.J.R., K.D.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8655-5204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendy S.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P.)."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P., S.J.G.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-512X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Gange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (W.S.P., S.J.G.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7527-7384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seble G.","family":"Kassaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (S.G.K.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7000-8556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lawrence A.","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, PA (L.A.K.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8548-7932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn (J.M.L.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy J.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (W.J.M.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nataliya","family":"Pyslar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Cook County Health, Chicago, IL (N.P.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3867-6770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phyllis C.","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (P.C.T.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-4029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mallory D.","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV Medicine, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (M.D.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Palella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (F.J.P.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7648-5833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherosclerosis Research Unit (Y.L., M.Y., H.N.H.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherosclerosis Research Unit (Y.L., M.Y., H.N.H.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard N.","family":"Hodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherosclerosis Research Unit (Y.L., M.Y., H.N.H.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1985-9865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David B.","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; 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