{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:28:03Z","timestamp":1791919683053,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia, specifically cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), are the second most common cause of dementia. Currently, there are no specific pharmacological treatments for CSVD, and the use of conventional antidementia drugs is not recommended. Exercise has the potential to prevent and mitigate CSVD-related brain damage and improve cognitive function. Mechanistic pathways underlying the neurocognitive benefits of exercise include the control of vascular risk factors, improving endothelial function, and upregulating exerkines. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of exercise may vary by exercise type (ie, aerobic versus resistance training) and biological sex; thus, studies designed specifically to examine these moderating factors within a CSVD context are needed. Furthermore, future research should prioritize resistance training interventions, given their tremendous therapeutic potential. Addressing these knowledge gaps will help us refine exercise recommendations to maximize their therapeutic impact in the prevention and mitigation of CSVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.123.044173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T05:00:39Z","timestamp":1709010039000},"page":"812-821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prevention of Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Role of Physical Activity and Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4981-6307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Dao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology (E.D.)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3149-5539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cindy K.","family":"Barha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology (C.K.B.), University of Calgary, AB, Canada."},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute (C.K.B.), University of Calgary, AB, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7245-9118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jammy","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)."},{"name":"Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, BC, Canada (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-8373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)."},{"name":"Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, BC, Canada (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1016-196X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teresa","family":"Liu-Ambrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)."},{"name":"Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, BC, Canada (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Global status report on the public health response to dementia 2017\u20132025","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on the public health response to dementia 2017\u20132025. World Health Organization; 2021. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/259615\/9789241513487-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30079-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211012132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research.","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen CJ","year":"1985","unstructured":"Caspersen, CJ, Powell, KE, Christenson, GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100:126\u2013131.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-180067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020984090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617723000140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980818000582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05156-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26247.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.1207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.859383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9431-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-201134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512455841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00131-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182583070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182749f02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.594267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00847-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.11.1166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-018-0077-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617715000673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","volume-title":"Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO Guidelines. World Health Organization; 2019. Accessed September 20, 2023. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/312180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-170221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.36510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.024148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"001","article-title":"The role of muscle tissue and resistance training in cardiometabolic health.","volume":"3","author":"Galancho-Reina I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galancho-Reina, I, Sanchez-Oliver, A, Gonz\u00e1lez Matar\u00edn, P, Butragueno, J, Bandera-Merchan, B, Su\u00e1rez Carmona, W, Isidro, F, Tinahones, F, Macias-Gonzalez, M. The role of muscle tissue and resistance training in cardiometabolic health. Int J Sports Sci Med. 2019;3:001\u20130012.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e31825dabb8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2021.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S404734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.18314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa756"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2204156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-022-00771-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2021.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0272-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00767-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0741-5214(98)70016-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00294-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0174-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00641-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1213057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.100993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/bpl-150019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2569-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.63824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.755046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2022-4703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125231176980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01288-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-220139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0433-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.04.012"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1161\/str.0000000000000474","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000}}],"container-title":["Stroke"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T11:04:04Z","timestamp":1726830244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.123.044173","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-2499","1524-4628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-2499","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-14","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}