{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:28:49Z","timestamp":1779384529914,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Recent hypertension guidelines for the general population have included race-specific recommendations for antihypertensives, whereas current stroke-specific recommendations for antihypertensives do not vary by race. The impact of these guidelines on antihypertensive regimen changes over time, and if this has varied by prevalent stroke status, is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The use of antihypertensive medications was studied cross-sectionally among self-identified Black and White participants, aged \u226545 years, with and without history of stroke, from the REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke). Participants completed an in-home examination in 2003\u20132007 (visit 1) with\/without an examination in 2013\u20132016 (visit 2). Stratified by prevalent stroke status, logistic regression mixed models examined associations between antihypertensive class use for visit 2 versus visit 1 and Black versus White individuals with an interaction adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status, and vascular risk factors\/vital signs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of 17\u2005244 stroke-free participants at visit 1, Black participants had greater adjusted odds of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor usage than White participants (odds ratio [OR], 1.51 [95% CI, 1.30\u20131.77]). This difference was smaller in the 7476 stroke-free participants at visit 2 (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.08\u20131.25]). In stroke-free participants at visit 1, Black participants had lower odds of calcium channel blocker (CCB) usage than White participants (OR, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.41\u20130.55]), but CCB usage did not differ significantly between Black and White stroke-free participants at visit 2 (OR, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.95\u20131.09]). Among 1437 stroke survivor participants at visit 1, Black participants had lower odds of CCB use than White participants (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.26\u20130.45]). In 689 stroke survivor participants at visit 2, CCB use did not differ between Black and White participants (OR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.61\u20131.06]).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Racial differences in the use of guideline-recommended antihypertensives decreased between 2003\u20132007 and 2013\u20132016 in stroke-free individuals. In stroke survivors, racial differences in CCB usage narrowed over the time periods. These findings suggest there is still a mismatch between race-specific hypertension guidelines and recent clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.124.046877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T19:08:16Z","timestamp":1748545696000},"page":"2034-2044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends in Black-White Differences of Antihypertensive Treatment in Individuals With and Without History of Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-9650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian","family":"Stamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology (B.S., C.M.L., D.A.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."},{"name":"Department of Neurology (B.S., P.B.G.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL."},{"name":"Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Kettles VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI (B.S.)."},{"name":"Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI (B.S., R.R., D.A.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-5412","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Regina","family":"Royan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine (R.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine (R.R.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL."},{"name":"Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI (B.S., R.R., D.A.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics (J.C., D.L.L., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Leann","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics (J.C., D.L.L., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham."},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.L.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2048-333X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Lineback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology (B.S., C.M.L., D.A.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3066-3310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oluwasegun P.","family":"Akinyelure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"epartment of Epidemiology (O.P.A., V.J.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-9597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Plante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (T.B.P.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6864-8001","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology (B.S., C.M.L., D.A.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine (D.A.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."},{"name":"Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI (B.S., R.R., D.A.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia J.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"epartment of Epidemiology (O.P.A., V.J.H.), University of Alabama at 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