{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:48:41Z","timestamp":1790300921921,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limb apraxia is common after stroke and may affect long-term activities of daily living. This study investigates whether early subacute limb praxis scores predict long-term activities of daily living outcomes over and above other cognitive deficits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal observational study analyzed data from the BCoS (Birmingham Cognitive Screen) cohort, conducted between 2010 and 2015 across multiple stroke centers in the United Kingdom. Two-hundred-fifty-six first-ever computed tomography confirmed stroke survivors (56.3% men; mean\u00b1SD age=68.3\u00b111.4 y) were assessed &lt;1 month poststroke (subacute) and &gt;9 months (chronic). BCoS cohort comprises 34 cognitive tasks and 4 assess limb praxis. Scores were rescaled to 0 to 100. Functional outcome was the 20-point Barthel index (BI). Stepwise multiple linear regression with 4-fold internal cross-validation tested whether subacute cognitive and praxis performance predicted chronic BI, adjusting for baseline BI, and other cognitive domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean BI improved from 13.3\u00b15.5 to 17.3\u00b13.9. Higher subacute limb praxis scores predicted better chronic activities of daily living: gesture production \u03b2=\u20130.0555 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.0008), gesture recognition \u03b2=\u20130.0349 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.017), meaningless gesture imitation \u03b2=0.0338 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.0047). The full model explained 60% of BI variance and outperformed a model without praxis measures (\u0394R\u00b2=0.04; ANOVA\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detailed early limb praxis testing adds independent prognostic value for long-term activities of daily living and should be incorporated into routine poststroke assessments to target rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.125.051414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T09:00:07Z","timestamp":1759827607000},"page":"3522-3526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Apraxia as a Predictor of Poststroke Recovery: Insights From the Birmingham Cognitive Screening Program"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1375-1001","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Rounis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.R., S.R., M.A.L.R.)."},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (E.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-042X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siddharth","family":"Ramanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.R., S.R., M.A.L.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0621-3597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wai-Ling","family":"Bickerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (W.-L.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0416-5147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nele","family":"Demeyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (N.D.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-2488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Lambon Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.R., S.R., M.A.L.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197717075080","article-title":"Acquiring and maintaining self-care skills after stroke: the predictive value of apraxia.","volume":"17","author":"Bj\u00f8rneby ER","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rneby ER, Reinvang IR. Acquiring and maintaining self-care skills after stroke: the predictive value of apraxia. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1985;17:75\u201380. doi: 10.2340\/1650197717075080","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/026921500668935800"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Birmingham cognitive screen","author":"Humphreys GW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Humphreys GW, Bickerton WL, Samson D, Riddoch MJ. Birmingham cognitive screen. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60325-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500500036003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390902791646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: the Barthel index.","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney FI","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61\u201365.","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.041775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2340121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.578570"}],"container-title":["Stroke"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.125.051414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:31:12Z","timestamp":1781785872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.125.051414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/STROKEAHA.125.051414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.125.051414","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-2499","1524-4628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-2499","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-20","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}