{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T20:57:13Z","timestamp":1781125033158,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Loss of hand control is a major source of poststroke disability, particularly when infarcts involve subcortical white matter. Yet, most preclinical models target the cortex and infer recovery from task performance without quantifying whether improvements reflect restoration or adaptation. To address this, we developed a novel nonhuman primate model of focal internal capsule infarct. This study is exploratory and hypothesis-testing, including prespecified hypotheses regarding motor impairment and adaptation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three adult male rhesus macaques (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 5\u201310 years) received stereotactically guided ET-1 (endothelin-1) injections (0.5 \u00b5g\/\u00b5L; 9\u201310 \u00b5L total) into the left posterior limb of the internal capsule in a within-subject pre-infarct versus post-infarct design. Infarcts were characterized by magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem histology. Motor function was tested with a center-out joystick task and a Kl\u00fcver board task using standard behavioral metrics; hand posture was additionally scored by blinded raters to quantify adaptation. Pre-infarct versus post-infarct comparisons used generalized linear mixed models with per-session random effects; adaptation covariates were evaluated using likelihood-ratio tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Magnetic resonance imaging and histology confirmed focal infarcts centered on the posterior limb of the internal capsule, with variable volumes. All animals significantly reduced contralesional hand use post-infarct (Fisher exact test; all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.05). Generalized linear mixed models showed reduced center-out success rates in 2 animals (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.01) and increased path length in one (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.0015). Pooled generalized linear mixed models showed significant post-infarct increases in retrieval time (estimate=0.73 s;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.0001) and digit flexions (estimate=0.727;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.0001). Two animals developed a compensatory wrist-extended, digit-flexed posture by 4 weeks; augmenting generalized linear mixed models with these postural features significantly improved fit (likelihood-ratio tests;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This model recapitulates key features of human subcortical stroke, including persistent distal motor deficits, shifts in hand preference, systematic motor adaptation, and interindividual variability, establishing a translationally oriented platform for studying stroke mechanisms and evaluating recovery-promoting interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  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